Human Rights - Insight Plus - Part 2

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/webcast/tae_insight_archive.shtml

injustice Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]
(an example of) lack of fairness and lack of justice:--------1- ketidak adilan - dia selalu bercakap dgn lantang ketidak adilan - - ketidak adilan cukai tersebut - -----------2- hal, perkara yg tidak adil - - dia menganggapnya sebagai salah satu yg remeh yg tidak adil - -

............The sight of people suffering arouses a deep sense of injustice in her.
...........They were aware of the injustices of the system.
..........See also unjust.



violation Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]-------------1- pencabulan - mencabuli - sembarang pencabulan peraturan itu akan dihukum keras ---------------2- pencemaran - - pencemaran tempat2 suci

..........He claimed that the way he'd been treated was a gross violation of his civil/constitutional/human rights.
...........The takeover of the embassy constitutes a flagrant/blatant violation of international law.
..........It was clear that they had not acted in violation of the rules.----------1- mencabuli - mereka bertidk mencabuli perjanjian itu -



charter (OFFICIAL PAPER) Show phoneticsnoun [C]
a formal statement of the rights of a country's people, or of an organization or a particular social group, which is agreed by or demanded from a ruler or government:------------1 - piagam - piagam PBB - penerbangan carter [sewa]

............a charter of rights
................Education is one of the basic human rights written into the United Nations Charter.
.............The Government have produced a Citizen's/Parents'/Patients' Charter.


abuse (BEHAVIOUR)
abuse (SPEECH)


abuse Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]
when someone uses or treats someone or something wrongly or badly, especially in a way that is to their own advantage------------1- penyalahgunaan [perbuatan ] penyalahgunaan kuasa -----------2- pensia-siaan - mensia - siakan - ------------3- amalan yg salah - - kita patut menghentikan amalan yg salah -------------4- penganiayaan - - penganiyaan kanak2 -[ penderaan ] -----------5- caci maki - dia serang ca maki isterinya -

.........an abuse (= wrong use) of privilege/power/someone's kindnes
............ssexual/physical/mental abuse (= bad treatment)
...........She claimed to have been a victim of child abuse (= the treatment of children in a bad, esp. sexual, way).
..........Drug and alcohol abuse (= Using these substances in a bad way) contributed to his early death.


insight Show phoneticsnoun [C or U] (the ability to have)
a clear, deep and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated problem or situation:------------1- wawasan - - karya itu menunjukkan kilasan wawasan penulis ----------2- ahli politik pakatan rakyat mempunyai wawasan yg mendalam - - buku itu memberikan wawasan [pemahaman - pengeritan ] ttg pemikiran org melayu --------------3 - pemahaman - - pergertian - kebolehan utk melihat dgn akal kedalam sesuatu masaalah -

.............It was an interesting book, full of fascinating insights into human relationships.


feature (QUALITY)
feature (ARTICLE)


atrocity Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]
when someone does something extremely violent and shocking:---------------1- kekejaman - - kekejaman peperangan - - kekejaman pengawal FRU -

...........They're on trial for committing atrocities against the civilian population.
...........These people are guilty of acts of great atrocity (= cruelty).


cruelty Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]
cruel behaviour or a cruel action:

............The farmer was accused of cruelty to animals.
............Don't tease him about his weight - it's cruel.
............Children can be very cruel to each other.

holocaust Show phoneticsnoun [C]
1- a very large amount of destruction, especially by fire or heat, or the killing of very large numbers of people :-------------1- kemusnahan yg besar [ yg melibatkan kehilangan nyawa yg banyak ] terutamanya disebabkan oleh api atau peperangan -

A nuclear holocaust (= destruction caused by nuclear weapons) would leave few survivors.

2 - the Holocaust the killing of millions of Jews and others by the Nazis before and during the Second World War

Jew Show phoneticsnoun [C]
a member of a race of people whose traditional religion is Judaism:-------------1- yahudi - orang yahudi - -

...........Although my family is Jewish, we're not practising Jews (= actively involved in the religion).

Jewish Show phoneticsadjective
..............New York has one of the largest Jewish communities in the world.

Jewishness Show phoneticsnoun [U]



genocide Show phoneticsnoun [U]
the murder of a whole group of people, especially a whole nation, race or religious group:-----------1- penghapusan sesuatu bangsa atau kaum dgn cara pembunuhan beramai2 - -2- genosid - penghapusan bangsa - - panghapusan kaum -

..........victims of genocide
..........a genocidal war/regime

ruin Show phoneticsnoun-------------1- kehancuran - kebinasaan - kemusnahan - kehancuran - kehancuran segala harapan - - bencana itu membawa kehancuran dikawasan itu - - spekulasainya membawa kehancuran -----------------2- punca, kehancuran, kemusnahan , kebinasaan - - perjudian punca kehancurannya - - musim kemarau panjang ialah punca kemusnahan bagi petani

1- [U] when something is spoilt or destroyed:

.........The car accident meant the ruin of all her hopes.
........They let the palace fall into ruin

2 - [U] when a person or company loses all their money or their reputation:

.............Many companies are on the edge/brink/verge of ruin.
.............Alcohol was my ruin (= the thing that spoiled my life)

3 - [C] the broken parts that are left from an old building or town:

.............We visited a Roman ruin.
..............the ruins of the ancient city of Carthage


ash (POWDER) Show phoneticsnoun [U]
the soft grey or black powder that is left after a substance, especially tobacco, coal or wood, has burnt:

.........cigarette ash- [abu]


ashes Show phoneticsplural noun
what is left of something after it has been destroyed by fire, especially what is left of a human body after it has been burnt.------------1- runtuhan - robohan [puing] - sebuah bandar baru akan dibina di robohan bandar lama -

..........Her ashes were scattered at sea.
............Allied bombing left Dresden in ashes in 1945.


determination Show phoneticsnoun [U] FORMAL
the process of controlling, influencing or deciding something:

.............The determination of policy is not your business - your job is to implement it.


lay in ruins - musnah hancur dijilat api -


devastateddevastated Show phoneticsadjective
---------------1- memusnahkan - membinasakan - - banjir telah memusnakan seluruh kampung ---------------2- terkejut besar - - saya terkejut besar mendengar berita itu --------------3- hancuru - - luluh - hatinya hancur luluh disebabkan pengkhianatan lelaki itu -
1 - completely destroyed:

............Thousands of people have left their devastated villages and fled to the mountains.

2- very shocked and upset:

............She was utterly devastated when her husband died.


devastate verb [T] to cause great damage or suffering to (something or someone), or to violently destroy (a place)

..............Waves of corporate downsizing have devastated employee morale.
.............I was so devastated I was crying constantly.The town was devastated by a hurricane in 1928.



emerge (APPEAR) Show phoneticsverb [I]

1 to appear by coming out of something or out from behind something:-----------1- timbul - muncul - sebuah kapal muncul dari kabut itu - malam menjelang, binatang2 pun muncul ------------------2- timbul - muncul - keluar - terbit - - selepas penyiasatan muncul[lah] fakta2 ygmengerikan - - beberapa fakta2 yg menarik selepas kami buat penyelikdikan - ------------3- membebaskan diri - dia dapat bebaskan diri dari cubaan berat-

............She emerged from the sea, blue with cold.

2- to come to the end of a difficult period or experience:

............The Prince emerged unscathed from the scandal.

persecution Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]
---------------1- penyiksaan - penindasan - penganiyaan - - ramai para bangsawan perancis yg melarikan diri dari negeri tiu semasa penyiksaan terhadap golongan mereka - dia menderita kerana terseksa akibat kepercayaaan mereka -

..........They left the country out of fear of persecution.
..........refugees escaping from political persecution



slavery Show phoneticsnoun [U]
the activity of having slaves or the condition of being a slave:------------1- penghambaan - pengabdian - perbudakaan - dia berusaha dengan gigih utk menghapuskan penghambaan -

..............Slavery still exists in many parts of the world.
..............Millions of Africans were sold into slavery between the 17th and 19th centuries.---------1- dijual sebagai hamba -



horror Show phoneticsnoun1 [U] -
an extremely strong feeling of fear and shock, or the frightening and shocking character of something: --------------1- perasaan ngeri - gerun - takut amat sangat - tidak lupakan saat yg mengerikan - -----------2- [perkara] yg dahsyat - menakutkan - perkara2 yg dahsyat yg berkaintan dgn peperangan - -

-------------I then realized to my absolute horror, that I had forgotten the present.
............What the book does convey very successfully is the horror of war.




similar Show phoneticsadjective
looking or being almost, but not exactly, the same:

.......................My father and I have similar views on politics.
......................I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
.................Paul is very similar in appearance to his brother.


uphold Show phoneticsverb [T]
upheld, upheld to defend or maintain a principle or law, or to state that a decision which has already been made, especially a legal one, is correct:---------------1- mendokong - - dia bersumpah berkhidmat kepada rakyat dan mendokong - - keperluan utk mendokong prinsip2 rukun negara -----------------2- mengesahkan - - mahkamah tinggi mengesahkan keputusan mahkamah rendah -

...............As a police officer you are expected to uphold the law whether you agree with it or not.
..............Judge Davis upheld the county court's decision.



protection Show phoneticsnoun [U]
1 the act of protecting or state of being protected---------------1- perlindungan - - anak beni itu memerlukan perlindungan dari hujan - ----------------2- pelindung - - tuhan adalah pelindung - - dia memakai kot yg tebal yg ada tutup kepala sebagai pelindung - dari angin - - wang perlindungan -

..................Their flimsy tent gave/offered little protection against the severe storm.
...................Round-the-clock police protection is given to all senior politicians.
................New legislation still does not offer adequate protection for many endangered species.
...............Always wear goggles as a protection for your eyes when using the machines.
...................The insurance policy provides protection (= will make a financial payment) in case of accidental loss of life or serious injury.



central (IMPORTANT) adjective main or important:

................a central role
..............Community involvement is central to our plan.


common (USUAL) Show phoneticsadjective

1 the same in a lot of places or for a lot of people:---------------1- sama - kita ada sama minat - - -------------2- bersama - utk kegunaan bersama - tanah ini milik bersama suami isteri - - --------------------3- umum - kerajaan mendakwa tindakan ini diambil adalah kebaikan umum - - perbualan umum -------------------4-[ amalan] biasa - sudah menjadi amalan biasa anak tidur bersama ibu bapanya - - -------------5- banyak terdapat - - pokok kelapa banyak terdapat - ---------------6- sering belaku - kemalangan sering berlaku di malaysia -

.............It's quite common to see couples who dress alike.
...............The surname 'Smith' is very common in Britain.

2 common courtesy/decency the basic level of politeness which you expect from someone

3 common knowledge - a fact that everyone knows
:[+ that] It's common knowledge that they live together.


liberty (FREEDOM) Show phoneticsnoun [U] FORMAL
the freedom to live as you wish or go where you want:---------------1- kebebasan - - ibu bapa sepatutnya beri kebebasan kepada anak sepatutnya -

..............For most citizens, liberty means the freedom to practise their religious or political beliefs.
.................Hundreds of political prisoners are to be given their liberty (= released from prison).
.....................Of the ten men who escaped this morning from Dartmoor Prison, only two are still at liberty (= free or not yet caught).-----------1- bebas - 2 banduan yg terlepas masih bebas -

detention Show phoneticsnoun

1 [U] when someone is officially detained:------------1- penahanan - - penahanan yg tidak sah ------------1- in detention - dalam tahanan - mati dalam tahanan - - kem tahanan - tempoh tahanan -

.......................Concern has been expressed about the death in detention of a number of political prisoners.


2 [C or U] a form of punishment in which school children are made to stay at school for a short time after classes have ended:

..............She's had four detentions this term.


widespread Show phoneticsadjective
existing or happening in many places and/or among many people:-------------------1- meluas - - kerosakan yg merebak [meluas ] akibat tibut - wabak itu merebak [meluas ] -- -- ketiadaan bahan api yg meluas melumpuhkan beberapa industri -

..................There are reports of widespread flooding in northern France.
........................Malnutrition in the region is widespread - affecting up to 78% of children under five years old.
.......................The campaign has received widespread support



put sth/sb forward (SUGGEST) phrasal verb [M] (US put sth/sb forth)
to state an idea or opinion, or to suggest a plan or person, for other people to consider:

................The proposals that you have put forward deserve serious consideration.
...............I wasn't convinced by any of the arguments that he put forward.
................Many suggestions have been put forward, but a decision is unlikely until after next year's general election.
....................The peace plan put forward last August has been revived for the latest round of negotiations.
.....................[R] She has decided to put her name/put herself forward as a candidate.



enshrine Show phoneticsverb [T usually + adverb or preposition] FORMAL

1 to contain or keep as if in a holy place:-----------1- menyemadikan - - bersemadi - - ingatan padanya akan bersemadi dalam sanubari kita -

...............Almost two and a half million war dead are enshrined at Yasukuni.
..............A lot of memories are enshrined in this photograph album.


2 be enshrined in sth -
f a political or social right is enshrined in something, it is protected by being included in it:

..............The right of freedom of speech is enshrined in law/in the constitution.


chair Show phoneticsverb [T] -------- mempengerusikan -
(BE IN CHARGE)


base sth on sth phrasal verb
If you base something on facts or ideas, you use those facts or ideas to develop it:

............The film is based on a short story by Thomas Mann.
............We based our decision on the facts in the report.
..................If you base a story, painting, or other work on something else, you use the other thing as the main idea for creating the story:
..............The book is based on the life of abolitionist John Brown.
............Would you like to chair tomorrow's meeting?




confront Show phoneticsverb [T]
to face, meet or deal with a difficult situation or person:---------------------1- menghadapi - - menghadapi masa hadapan dgn keazaman - --------------2- dikemukan - disuakan - - apabila disuakan dgn keterangan dia mengaku - -----------------3- berhadapan - - setiap kali saya berhadapan dgn mikrofon saya gugup -

...............As she left the court, she was confronted by angry crowds who tried to block her way.
...............It's an issue we'll have to confront at some point, no matter how unpleasant it is...
.................I thought I would remain calm, but when I was confronted with/by the TV camera, I became very nervous.

lofty Show phoneticsadjective
---------------1- tinggi mengawan - - gunung2 tinggi yg mengawan menjadi latarbelakang lukisannya -- siling gereja yg sangat tinggi ---------------2- tinggi dan murni - luhur - dia menpunyai cita2 yg tinggi lagi luhur - ----------------3- angkuh - sombong - - sikap yg angkuh pegawai saya sgt benci -

1 FORMAL high:...........a lofty ceiling/mountain/wall

2 FORMAL Lofty ideas etc. are of a high moral standard:.............lofty sentiments/ideals

3 DISAPPROVING If you have a lofty attitude etc., you act as if you think you are better than other people:.............a lofty attitude/air/tone


grand (SPLENDID)
grand (IMPORTANT)
grand (EXCELLENT)
grand (MONEY)
grand (INSTRUMENT)
concert grand



prosperity Show phoneticsnoun [U]
the state of being successful and having a lot of money:--------------1- kemajuan - kemakmuran - kemajuan negeri itu bergantung kepada kilang sabun -

.....................A country's future prosperity depends, to an extent, upon the quality of education of its people.
..............The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity.

indivisible Show phoneticsadjective
not able to be separated from something else or into different parts:-------------1- yg tidak boleh dibahagikan - - suatu masa dahulu atom di percayai tidak boleh dibahagikan -

...............He regards e-commerce as an indivisible part of modern retail.
...............A country's language is indivisible from its culture.


addition Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]

........................In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.
.........................HUMOROUS I hear you're expecting a small addition to the family (= you are going to have a baby)!


monitor (WATCH) Show phoneticsverb [T] to watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in order to discover something about it:----------------------1- mengawasi - - perkembangan kesihatan sedang diawasi -

...................The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
...............The CIA were monitoring (= secretly listening to) his phone calls.


grave (SERIOUS) Show phoneticsadjective
seriously bad:--------------------1- serius - hakim it kelihatan serius ketika membuat hukuman --------------2- berat - -teruk - meruncing - politik negara sdang menruncing - - tuduhan ini sgt serious - kesilapan yg teruk [seriuos] - - pesakit masik teruk -serious]

...............a grave situation
.................It was the gravest political crisis of his career.



breach (BROKEN PROMISE/RULE) Show phoneticsnoun [C]
an act of breaking a law, promise, agreement or relationship:--------------1- perlanggaran - melanggar - perlanggaran undang2 - - melanggar hak istimewa - - 3- --------------- mungkir janji - pecah amanah -

..................They felt that our discussions with other companies constituted a breach of/in our agreement.
..............He was sued for breach of contract.
..................There have been serious security breaches (= breaks in our security system).


gross (UNACCEPTABLE)
gross (FAT)
gross (UNPLEASANT)
gross (TOTAL)
gross (NUMBER)


----------1- kasar- - berat kasar - pendapatan kasar - -----------2- melampau - - ketidak adilan yg melampau - - kecuain yg melampau yg telah awak lakuka ------------2- gemuk - gedimpul - yg melampau - -----------4- hodoh -


bear on sth phrasal verb SLIGHTLY FORMAL
to be connected or related to; to influence:----------------1- mempengaruhi - - peristiwa di perak akan mempengaruhi dasar2 akan datang ---------------2- berkaitan - berhubung - bertalian dgn - - perayaan itu tidak berkaitan perkara yg seang dibincangkan ------------------3- membebani - - imflasi membebani kita semua -

.............I don't see how that information bears on this case.
............What you decide now could have a considerable bearing on your future.
..........A number of court cases that bear on women's rights will be coming up soon.

canter Show phoneticsverb [I]
If a horse canters, it moves at a quite fast but easy and comfortable speed:-----------------1- meligas - - kuda itu meligas ke tempat permulaan -


lethal Show phoneticsadjective
able to cause or causing death; extremely dangerous:-----------------1- yg boleh membawa maut - pada tangan orang yg tidak mahir senjata seperti ini boleh membawa maut ---------------2- berbahaya - perebutan kuasa yg selepas ini mungkin berbahaya -

................Three minutes after the fire started, the house was full of lethal fumes.
.......................In the car the police found guns, knives and other lethal weapons (= weapons which can kill).
................A 59-year-old man was executed by lethal injection (= by having a poisonous substance put into his body) this morning.
.......................INFORMAL That combination of tiredness and alcohol is lethal (= has a very bad effect).
.


random Show phoneticsadjective
happening, done or chosen by chance rather than according to a plan:-----------------1- rawak - rambang - buku ini di pilih secara rawak -

..............random checks/tests/attacks
..............We asked a random sample/selection of people what they thought.



fire (FLAMES)
fire (SHOOT)
fire (DISMISS)
fire (EXCITE



punitive Show phoneticsadjective
1 FORMAL intended as a punishment:--------------1- yg dimaksudkan utk menghukum - - sebagai hukuman - askar2 itu dihantar ke barisan hadapan sebagai hukuman -----------------2- membebankan - menyusahkan - kenaikan harga yang menyusahkan -

..............punitive action
.................The UN has imposed punitive sanctions on the invading country.
.............LEGAL She is suing the newspaper for $5 million punitive damages claiming they knew the article about her was untrue



raid Show phoneticsverb [T]---------------1- menyerang - - askar2 musuh menyerang kem kami ----------------2- menyerbu - - pihak polis menyerbu tempat persembunyian ketua gengster --------------3- curi buah


1 to attack a place suddenly:..............The nomads raided the enemy camp and captured over 100 camels.

2 to enter a place illegally and usually violently and steal from it:.......................The post office was raided late at night.

3 (of the police) to enter a place suddenly in order to find someone or something:..........................Police officers from the organized crime branch have raided solicitors' offices in central London.


mount (GET ON)
mount (GO UP)
mount (INCREASE)
mount (ORGANIZE)
mount (FIX)
mount (GUARD)
mount up


mount (ORGANIZE) Show phoneticsverb [T]
to organize and begin an activity or event:----------1- melancarkan - - kerajaan melancarkan kempen bahasa inggeris -----------------2- askar marin elancarkan serangan pada waktu subuh -

...............to mount an attack/campaign/challenge/protest
.............to mount an exhibition/display


prohibit Show phoneticsverb
1 [T often passive] to officially forbid something:

................Motor vehicles are prohibited from driving in the town centre.
..............The government introduced a law prohibiting tobacco advertisements on TV...
.............Parking is strictly prohibited between these gates.


prohibition Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]

1 when something is officially forbidden, or an order forbidding something:

.............London Transport has announced a prohibition on smoking on buses.
....................The environmental group is demanding a complete prohibition against the hunting of whales.
........................It's my feeling that the money spent on drug prohibition would be better spent on information and education.


wilful, US USUALLY willful Show phoneticsadjective
DISAPPROVING(of something bad) done intentionally or (of a person) determined to do exactly as you want, even if you know it is wrong:----------------1- disengajakan - pembunuhan yg disengajakan - - suatu pemusnahan yg disengajakan --------------------2- mengikut cara ssorg sendiri - semasa kana2 dia cenderung mengikut cara sendiri -

......................The present crisis is the result of years of wilful neglect by the council.
...............They eat huge quantities of sweet and fried foods, in wilful disregard of their health.
....................She developed into a wilful, difficult child.


reduced circumstances plural noun OLD-FASHIONED
a polite way to describe when someone is poorer than they once were:She claims she is a duchess living in reduced circumstances


circumstance Show phoneticsnoun
1 [C usually plural] a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is:-----------------1- keadaan - - dalam keadaan biasa , kami sudah mabil tindakan -- - kerajaan bertindak mengikut keadaanyg sesuai -- kami benar2 ingin tahu keadaan sekitar kematiannya - - dia mangsa keadaan ---------------------------2- keadaan hidup - keadaan hidup tidak membenarkan dia berkerja

................I think she coped very well under the circumstances.
................Obviously we can't deal with the problem until we know all the circumstances.
..................She died in suspicious circumstances.
................We oppose capital punishment in/under any circumstances.
..........................Under no circumstances should you (= You must not) approach the man.
..................The meeting has been cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control.

capture Show phoneticsverb [T]
--------------------1- tangkap - menangkap - menangkap ikan paus ---------------2- menawan - bandar itu ditawan selepas satu pertempuran singkat -----------------3- mengondol - pasukan saya mengondol semua hadiah ----------------1- menawan, menambat hati -memikat hati - kata2nya menawan hati -


...................Two of the soldiers were killed and the rest were captured.
.......................Rebel forces captured the city after a week-long battle.



the sick plural noun
people who are ill:............................It's better for the sick to be cared for at home rather than in hospital.


wounded Show phoneticsadjective
......................a wounded soldier


wound (INJURY) Show phoneticsnoun
[C]a damaged area of the body, such as a cut or hole in the skin or flesh made by a weapon:

commit (CRIME)
commit (PROMISE)
commit (SEND)


commit (CRIME) Show phoneticsverb [T]
-tt- to do something illegal or something that is considered wrong:--------------------1- melakukan - - melakukan pembunuhan --

.............He was sent to prison for a crime that he didn't commit.
................to commit adultery/murder
......................to commit an offence


accusation Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]
a statement saying that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal or unkind, or the fact of accusing someone:-----------------1- tuduhan - --------tuduhan melulu -----------------2- be under ' ----- ' menhadapi tuduhan -

..................You can't just make wild accusations like that!
..................He glared at me with an air of accusation.
....................[+ that] What do you say to the accusation that you are unfriendly and unhelpful?


mass (LARGE AMOUNT)
mass (SOLID LUMP)
mass (INVOLVING MANY)
mass (MATTER)
Mass (CEREMONY)
Black Mass


mass (LARGE AMOUNT) Show phoneticsnoun [S]
a large amount of something that has no particular shape or arrangement:-------------1- ramai2 besar-besaran - suntikan beramai2 di jalankan - - pembunuhan beramai - - pengebumian beramai2 -

.................The explosion reduced the church to a mass of rubble.
.....................The forest is a mass of colour in autumn.


safeguard Show phoneticsverb [T]
to protect something from harm:
........................The union safeguards the interests of all its members.
......................Judges have an obligation to safeguard our right to free speech and a free press.


homeless [Show phonetics]adjective [not gradable]
having no place to live

.................a homeless person
...............Accommodation needs to be found for thousands of homeless families.

the homeless plural noun
people who do not have a home, usually because they are poor

Episode 182: The global economy

Learning English - The Flatmates

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/flatmates/episode182/index.shtml

makeover Show phoneticsnoun [C]
a set of changes that are intended to make a person or place more attractive:-----------1- mengubah sesuai menjadi - - loteng itu telah diubasuai menjadi bilik saya - -------------2- pinda - - kot ini terlalu besar - tolong pinda[ubah suai]

........One of the prizes was a makeover at a top beauty salon.
..........to have a makeover

come on/along (MAKE PROGRESS) phrasal verb
to make progress:-----------1- berkembang - - bertambah baik - penguasaan bahasa jepunnya bertambah baik - - -----------------2- berjalan lancar - - projek itu berjalan lancar - -

..............Your piano playing has really come on since I last heard you play.
.............How's your English coming on?


be coming along
if you ask or explain how an activity or a person learning a new skill is coming along, you ask or explain what progress they are making, and if a person or activity is coming along, it is making good progress

............How's your thesis coming along?
.............Jason's coming along well on drums.

downturn Show phoneticsnoun [C usually singular]
a reduction in the amount or success of something, such as a country's economic activity:-------------1 - kemerosotan - - menurun -

.........the continuing economic downturn
..........There is evidence of a downturn in the housing market.
Compare upturn
...............Investors should not expect a sharp upturn in the economy.
NOTE: The opposite is downturn.


sitting room noun [C]
UK FOR living room

three-piece suite UK Show phoneticsnoun
[C] (US living room suite)a sofa with two matching chairs


living room noun [C] (UK ALSO sitting room, AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH ALSO lounge room)
the room in a house or apartment that is used for relaxing, and entertaining guests, but not usually for eating

stretch (informal)
have enough of something (here, money) --------------1- mencukupi - - adakah makannan mencukupi - -

stretch to sth phrasal verb UK INFORMAL
to manage to give or do a particular amount, often a larger amount than you might expect:

"How much money do you want to borrow?" "Could you stretch to £50?"--------1- boleh bagi - -

stretch (DO MORE) Show phoneticsverb [T]
If jobs or tasks stretch you, they make you learn new things which use your skill and experience more than you have done before:-----------1- menyebabkan sesuatu itu terbatas - - dgn beli rumah yg baru itu kewanga mereka telah menjadi terbatas - - ----------------2- melonggarkan - sekolah itu telah melonggarkan sedikit peraturan -

.............My present job doesn't stretch me, so I'm looking for something more demanding.


I'm warning you
I'm letting you know that I'm very serious about what I just said (i.e. don't speak to me in a cheeky way)



transform Show phoneticsverb [T]
to change completely the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that they are improved:----------1- mengubah - merobah - hujan telah mengubah gurun itu menjadi taman - - ---------------2- tukang sihir itu mengubah sebiji lagu menjadi kuda ----------2- berubah - ulat bulu berubah menjadi rama2 - transform into - - hsbs mengubah air menjadi wap -

............The reorganization will transform the British entertainment industry.
..........[R] Whenever a camera was pointed at her, Marilyn would instantly transform herself into a radiant star.

transformed
changed completely so that it is improved


renovation Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]
........The museum is closed for renovation.
.........Extensive renovations were carried out on the property.
............He renovates old houses and sells them at a profit.


tone (VOICE EXPRESSION) Show phoneticsnoun [U]
a quality in the voice which expresses the speaker's feelings or thoughts, often towards the person being addressed ---------------1- nada - perempuan2 itu bercakap dgn nada yg rendah - - dia cakap ttg mereka dgn nada suara yg menghina - -

..........I tried to use a sympathetic tone of voice.
............Don't speak to me in that tone of voice (= angrily), young lady!
...........It wasn't so much what she said that annoyed me - it was her tone.

don't take that tone with me
don't speak to me in that way (in an angry way, a cheeky way, a rude way etc.)

mean (INTEND) Show phoneticsverb
[I or T] meant, meant to intend:

..........[+ to infinitive] I've been meaning to phone you all week.


Episode 182: The global economy

Helen: Dad, are you finished at the flat yet?

Dad: Almost. You know I've been meaning to talk to you about it.

Helen: What is it dad?

Dad: Now don't take that tone with me young lady.

Helen: Dad!

Dad: I'm warning you.

Helen: I'm sorry dad. So, what do you want to talk to me about?

Dad: Well the flat renovation was going really well.

Helen: Was?

Dad: The kitchen has been totally transformed and Khalid's bedroom has been given a great make-over.

Helen: I feel a but coming on.

Dad: Well the downturn in the economy has affected us all.

Helen: Yes, yes but what about the flat?

Dad: Well let's just say the finances did not quite stretch to the sitting room.

UK hit by heavy snow

Learning English - Words in the News

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/newsenglish/witn/2009/02/090202_uk_snow.shtml

It was the heaviest snowfall in 18 years. Bus services in London carrying 6 million people have been cancelled. 10 of 11 underground lines are completely or partly suspended. The capital's main airport Heathrow has closed both runways for a while and there are still significant delays and cancellations, and there are no flights at all from City airport. Others are suffering long delays and cancellations too.


Several docks to the west have become iced up. And thousands are without piped water in Wales due to the frozen pipes. Hundreds of schools have been closed across the country and children at least are enjoying conditions.

The British like to complain that other countries handle the snow better than they do, that the merest sugaring of snowflakes brings normal life to a standstill amidst transport chaos. So why does it happen? Well truly icy conditions here are rare indeed. So why make a massive investment to combat extreme weather conditions that may not be replayed for another 18 years?

At an individual level the costs of being prepared like some Alpine countries would be high too. The British, for instance, are not required to have winter tyres fitted to cars at the start of the season, nor do they routinely carry snow chains. On the other hand the Brits do like to complain, and secretly they also like being told... sorry you can't get to work.

Rob Broomby, BBC

snow chains
special chains that are fitted to a vehicle's tyres to stop it from sliding on ice or snow
chain (RINGS) Show phonetics noun [C or U] - rantai

routinely
usually, repeatedly
...........Health and safety rules are routinely (= very often) flouted/ignored on the building site.


winter tyres
tyres with a thick pattern that stops a vehicle from sliding on ice or snow (winter tyres are specially designed to be able to bend easily at sub-zero temperatures, without breaking or cracking)


a standstill
when everything stops (here, all means of transportation)

standstill Show phoneticsnoun [S]
a condition in which all movement or activity has stopped:

.........The runaway bus eventually came to a standstill when it rolled into a muddy field - -----------1- terhenti - dia meneka break dan kereta terhenti-
-------------1- menyebabkan sesuatu terhenti [ tergendala] - - percangahan pendapat menyebabkan perbincangan terhenti
............Fighting and shortages have brought normal life to a virtual standstill in the city.

the merest sugaring of snowflakes
even the thinnest covering/layer of snow

merest Show phonetics adjective
the merest used to emphasize the surprising or strong effect of a very small action or event: -----1 - sedikit pun - tidak ada sedikit pun harapan lagi [ yg tinggal]

......The merest mention of seafood makes her feel sick.
............The merest hint of criticism makes him defensive

snowflake Show phoneticsnoun [C]
a small piece of snow -----1 - emping salji--keping [an] salji


handle
tackle, deal with

handle (DEAL WITH) Show phoneticsverb [T]
to deal with, have responsibility for, or be in charge of: -------1- mengendalikan - balak adalah bahan yg sukar dikendalikan - - kami memerlukan org yg tegas utk mengendalikan kes ini- - dia dapat mengendalikan 2 kerja dalam satu masa- - bagaimana kamu mengendalikan keadaan ini - kami mengendalikan semua hal kewanan syarikat-

..........I thought he handled the situation very well.
..........Some people are brilliant with computers, but have no idea how to handle (= behave with) other people.
.........If you can't handle the job I'll get someone else to do it.
..........Who handles the marketing in your company?

condition (STATE)
condition (AGREED LIMITATION)
condition (INFLUENCE)

conditions Show phonetics plural noun
the physical situation that someone or something is in and affected by: - ---------1- keadaan[cuaca] - beberapa penerbangan dibatalkan kerana keadaan cuaca buruk-

........weather conditions
.........working conditions
............The prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions.
.............Under what conditions do plants grow best?


iced up
frozen, with a coating of ice on the surface


ice up phrasal verb
to become covered in ice and often stop working: -----------1- diliputi ais - cermin hadapan diliputi ais-

........The plane was delayed because the engine had iced up.
........Winter is coming and the lakes will soon start icing over.
............The car's windows had iced up in the freezing cold.


conditions
here, the weather


ice over phrasal verb
If an area of water ices over, it becomes covered with a layer of ice:
.........The lake has iced over. ----------1-menjadi beku - diluputi ais - tasik itu selalu menjadi beku pada pertengahan musim sejuk-


docks
places where ships can moor; wharfs, piers ------------1- limbungan atau galangan untuk tempat kapal yg dibaiki-


1- a specially enclosed area of water in a port that is used for loading and unloading or repairing ships
Compare harbour (WATER).

docks Show phonetics plural noun
..........The strike has led to the cancellation of some ferry services and left hundreds of passengers stranded at the docks.



suspend (STOP) Show phonetics verb
[T] 1 to stop or to cause to be not active, either temporarily or permanently:-------1- mengantung - kami akan mengangtung lampu2 itu------2- menangguh - bank akan menangguhkan bayaran pampasan itu - -------3- gantung - digantung [keahlian] dia digantung keahliannya --------

.........The ferry service has been suspended for the day because of bad weather.
.........The President has suspended the constitution and assumed total power.
...........When you go to the theatre, you have to be willing to suspend disbelief (= to act as if you believe that what you are seeing is real or true, although you know that it is not).

Universities - by Richard Sidaway

http://www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish-central-magazine-universities.htm

placement Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]
the temporary position or job someone has in an organization:------------1- perletakan - perletakan lampu yg tempat adalah penting dalam menghias ---------2- penempatan - jabatan pelajaran mengatur penempatan guru di sekolah - kejaan sedang menimbang utk menubuh agensi penempata bagi siswazah - -----------3- pekerjaan - dia bernasib baik kerana dapat kerja

............I think we can find a placement for you in the accounts department.
...........The trainee teachers do a school placement in the summer term.


form (SHAPE) Show phoneticsnoun [C]
the shape or appearance of something:-------------1- bentuk - syaitan muncul dalam bentuk manusia - - jambangan bunga yg berbagai bentuk

.............I could just about make out his sleeping form on the bed.
.............The moon highlighted the shadowy forms of the hills.
...............The lawn was laid out in the form of the figure eight.


devote sth to sth/sb phrasal verb
1 to give all of something, especially your time, effort or love, or yourself, to something you believe in or to a person:


...........He left government to devote more time to his family.
.............She has devoted all her energies/life to the care of homeless people.[R] At the age of 25, he decided to devote himself to God.


devoted Show phoneticsadjective
extremely loving and loyal:
.............a devoted fan/husband
.........Lucy is devoted to her cats


embark on/upon sth phrasal verb
to start something new or important:---------------1- memulakan - syarikat itu telah memulakan satu perniagaan baru - - kerajaan telah memulakan satu skim pencen -

.........We're embarking upon a new project later this year.


embark Show phoneticsverb [I] FORMAL
to go onto a ship: -------1- bertolak - menaiki kapal - kami mnaiki kapal pada pukul 5-00 ptg

..............We embarked at Liverpool for New York.
NOTE: The opposite is disembark.


finishing school noun [C]
a school or college where young women from rich families learn how to behave in high-class society --------1- sekolah seni lengkap diri -


take sth off (NOT WORK)
take off (SUCCEED)
take off (LEAVE)
take sb off (COPY)

take off (LEAVE) phrasal verb INFORMAL
to suddenly leave somewhere, usually without telling anyone that you are going:------------1 - melarikan diri -

...........When he saw me, he took off in the other direction.


take sth off (NOT WORK) phrasal verb
[M]to spend time away from your work: -----1- bercuti
............He took off two weeks in September


the limit noun [S]
1 - OLD-FASHIONED INFORMAL something that is very annoying or inconvenient: ---------1- - dah melampau - - kamu dah melampu, sudah berapa kali kamu lambat -

.........And now you're cutting your toenails in bed! - That really is the limit!
...........She was definitely driving over the limit.


hygiene Show phoneticsnoun [U]
the degree to which people keep themselves or their surroundings clean, especially to prevent disease:----------1- ilmu kesihatan - -------2- kebersihan - - kebersihan diri [personal]

............Poor standards of hygiene mean that the disease spreads fast.
..............health and hygiene regulations
..............dental/personal hygiene

culinary Show phoneticsadjective SLIGHTLY FORMAL
connected with cooking or kitchens:-------------1- masak memasak - - dia mahir dalam bidang masak- memasak -- jamuan makan malam memberi saya peluang utk menunjukkan kebolehan saya memasak - -------2- utk masakan - daun perasa utk masakan

............the culinary delights (= pleasant tasting food) of Beijing
.............My culinary skills are rather limited, I'm afraid (= I am not very good at cooking)!


or so INFORMALapproximately:
.........They raised two hundred pounds or so for charity.


hall of residence UK (plural halls of residence) noun [C] (US dormitory)
a college building where students live



imply Show phoneticsverb [T]

1 to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly:--------1- membayangkan - - kenyataannya membayangkan sokongannya terhadap keputusan itu - --------2- menyatakan sesuatu tapi tidak terang - apa yg kamu ingin bayangkan yg saya telah buat -

.........[+ (that)] Are you implying (that) I'm fat?
...........I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight?



viable Show phoneticsadjective

1 able to work as intended or able to succeed: -------------1- berdaya maju - - rancanga yg berdaya maju utk mengawal ekonomi - nampaknya tidak ada alternatif yg berdaya maju yg terbuka utk kita - ---------2- berdaya hidup - ketika berumur 7 tahun, janin telh berdaya hidup ---------------3- boleh berjalan dgn baik - menguntungkan - - mencari sumber tenaga yg boleh menguntungkan selain gas dan elektrik -

.............In order to make the company viable, it will unfortunately be necessary to reduce staffing levels.
..........Solar power is now a viable alternative to oil-fired water heaters.
...........I am afraid your plan is not commercially/economically/financially/politically viable.


admission Show phoneticsnoun [C or U]
when someone is given permission to enter a place, or the money that you pay to enter a place:

.......................Admission to the exhibition will be by invitation only.
..........................How much do they charge for admission.
..........................The admission charge/fee is £2.
.......................There's a notice outside the building which says 'No admission before 12 noon'.



towards (MOVEMENT)
towards (RELATION)
towards (POSITION)
towards (PURPOSE)


towards (PURPOSE) Show phoneticspreposition (MAINLY US toward) MAINLY UK
for the purpose of buying or achieving something----------1- utk - bagi - - semua pendapatan akan digunakan utk kempen bebas kebulur - kami bercadang utk guna wang simpanan kami utk beli sebuah rumah -

............I'm saving up to buy a car, and Dad has given me some money towards it.
...........Would you like to make a contribution (= give some money) towards a present for Linda?
.............The work that students do during the term counts towards their final grade.



grant (MONEY) Show phoneticsnoun
[C]a sum of money given especially by the government to a person or organization for a special purpose----------1- bantuan - - dia dapat,terima bantuan utk lanjutkan pelajaran - bantuan kerajaan itu digunakan utk bina sebuah perpustakaan baru -

......a student/research grant
..........a local authority/government grant
..........[+ to infinitive] They gave/awarded her a grant to study abroad for one year.

grant-maintained school Show phoneticsnoun [C] (ALSO GM school)
a school in the UK that receives its money directly from central rather than local government

middle class group noun [S] (ALSO the middle classes)
a social group that consists of well-educated people, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers, who have good jobs and are neither very rich nor very poor:--------1- kelas menengah - kelas pertengahan - keluarga kelas pertengahan -


.......The upper middle class tend to go into business or the professions, becoming, for example, lawyers, doctors or accountants.
.......Compare lower class; upper class; working class.


middle-class Show phoneticsadjective
a middle-class suburb of New York



restrict Show phoneticsverb [T]
to limit the movements or actions of someone, or to limit something and reduce its size or prevent it from increasing:--------1- menghadkan - kerasa masalah kewangaan, pihak lembaga telah menghadkan bilangan peserta- -----------2- menyekat - [movement] - pembalut itu menyekat pergerakaannya -- masalah kesihatannaya telah menyekat aktiviti, kegiatanna sepanjang 2 tahun -

............measures to restrict the sale of alcohol
.............The government has restricted freedom of movement into and out of the country.
...........Having small children really restricts your social life.
.........See also restrict to.




entrance Show phoneticsnoun

4 - [U] the right to enter a place:-------------1- kemasukan - mereka tidak dibenarkan masuk kerana pakai selipar- [refuse entrance]

.............The management reserve the right to refuse entrance.



entrance Show phoneticsnoun
1- [C] a door, gate, etc. by which you can enter a building or place: pintu masuk -

...........There are two entrances - one at the front and one round the back.
See also enter (GO IN); entry (WAY IN). Compare exit.



lower (MOVE)
lower (REDUCE)
lower (BOTTOM PART)

lower (MOVE) Show phoneticsverb [T]
to move something into a low position:----------1- turun - menurun - mengurangkan - dia enggan mengurang masa kerjanya-

............They lowered the coffin into the grave.
...............[R] Heavily pregnant by now, she lowered herself carefully into the chair.
..........He lowered his eyes (= looked down) in embarrassment when he saw me

redbrick Show phoneticsadjective [before noun]
describes any of the British universities built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in cities such as Liverpool and Manchester, and not one of the older ones such as Oxford or Cambridge: ------------1- baru - universiti2 baru yang dibina di britan pada abad ke-19 dan awal 20 an-

...............Ben actually chose to go to a redbrick university because he didn't like the elitism of Oxford and Cambridge.
..............Compare Oxbridge.






tend (BE LIKELY)
tend (CARE)
tend to sb/sth

tend to sb/sth phrasal verb
to deal with the problems or needs of a person or thing: -------1- mengendalikan - ---------2- menguruskan - dia menguruskan prniagaan keluarga - ----------3- tend to be -- cenderung - pengubah2 muzik pada masa dahulu cenderung bersifat formal dalam pendekatan mereka terhadap muzik -

..........Would you mind waiting? I'm tending to another customer at the moment.
..........Nurses tended to the injured.












ground (AREA OF KNOWLEDGE) Show phoneticsnoun [U]
an area of knowledge or experience; a subject: -------------1- pokok perbicaraan - - perkara - penyarah itu mengulang perkara yg sama, tanpa masuk tajuk baru ----------2- alasan - sebab -- dia berhenti kerja atas alasan kesihatan--------3- topik - -----------4- dasar- mengasaskan - mendasarkan - ------------5- memberikan asas - guru itu memberikan asas kukuh dalam sains - diasaskan - teori ini diasaskan atas kajiannya -

...........When the conversation turns to politics he's on familiar ground (= he knows a lot about this subject).
............Once we'd found some common ground (= things we both knew about) we got on very well together.
.............The lectures covered a lot of ground (= included information on many different subjects).------- 1 - meliputi bnyk perkara-
...............I enjoyed her first novel, but I felt in the second she was going over the same ground (= dealing with the same area of experience).




mind (THOUGHTS)
mind (BE CAREFUL)
mind (TAKE CARE OF)
mind (OPPOSE)

mind (THOUGHTS) Show phoneticsnoun [C]
2 -a very clever person: ---------1- bijak pandai - interlek - cendikiawan

She was one of the most brilliant minds of the last century.

turn out (HAPPEN)
turn sth out (PRODUCE)
turn out (GO)
turn sth out (EMPTY)
turn sb out (REMOVE)
turn sb out (DRESS)


turn sth out (PRODUCE) phrasal verb [M]
to produce or make something, often quickly or in large amounts:----------1- mengeluarkan - secepat kilang itu mengeluarkan kasut secepat itu ianya menjual - menghasilkan
...........They turn out thousands of these games every week.
...........American film studios turn out hundreds of films each year.


get (LOOK AT) Show phoneticsverb
[T not continuous] US gotten INFORMAL to look at or notice someone, and usually laugh at them:
.................Get him in his new clothes!


pecking order noun [C usually singular]
an informal social system in which some people or groups know they are more or less important than others: ----------1- [susunan] hierarki - tatatingkat - kita akan menemui susunan hierarki dalam hampir semua jabatan , organisasi , jabatan

..........There's a clearly established pecking order in this office.
.........He started as a clerk but gradually rose in the pecking order.

mature student UK noun [C]
(US older student, AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH mature age student)
a student at a college or university who is older than the usual age ---1- pelajar berumur -


opt Show phoneticsverb [I]
to make a choice, especially for one thing or possibility in preference to any others:-----------1- memilih - - dia memilih bidang tasawuf ---------2- memlilih utk tidak menyertai, terlibat - puan boleh pilih utk tidak menyertai insuran ini --

............Mike opted for early retirement.
.............[+ to infinitive] Most people opt to have the operation.


make a break (ALSO make the break)
to stop having a close relationship with someone, especially stop living with them, or to change a course of action that you have had for a long time:---------1- berhenti [berehat] - berhenti sekejap - kita sudah kerj a2 jam - kita berhenti sekejap - mencuba melepaskan, melarikan diri

...........You've been in your job for years - it's time you made a break.
...........When a relationship ends, it's often best to make a clean/complete break (= suddenly and completely stop seeing each other).


age group noun [C] (ALSO age range or age bracket)
people of a similar age, considered as a group:

...........51% of enquiries were from those in the 25 to 40 age group.


count (CONSIDER) verb [I or T]
to consider or be considered as:[R] I count myself fortunate to have had such a good education.

.........I've had three jobs in the last five years, but one of them was unpaid, so it doesn't count (= cannot be considered as a real job).
..........I've always counted Lucy among my closest friends. -------1- anggap - saya tidak lagi anggap dia sebagai abang saya
.........I didn't think his grudging remarks really counted as an apology.-----------1- di kira - dianggap


let sb/sth in phrasal verb [M]
to allow someone or something to enter:----------1- membenarkan nya masuk- jgn benarkan juru jual tu masuk ---------2- terima masuk - -

...........She opened the door and let me in.
...............These shoes are starting to let water in.


one (NUMBER)
one (FUTURE TIME)
one (PARTICULAR OCCASION)
one (UNKNOWN PERSON)
one (SINGLE)
one (ONLY)
one (COMPARISON)
one (PARTICULAR THING/PERSON)
one (EMPHASIS)
one (ANY PERSON)
one (I OR ME)


supposedly
adverb - ----1- dikatakan - wanita yg dikatakan isterinya -- dipercaya- - dirasakan -
.......Well, the tickets are supposedly in the mail.

feature (QUALITY)
feature (ARTICLE)


feature (QUALITY) Show phoneticsnoun
3 [C usually plural] one of the parts of someone's face that you notice when you look at them:--------------1- raut muka, wajah - lelaki yg mempunyai raut muka yg garang -

..............He has wonderful strong features.
......................regular (= even and attractive) features
..................Her eyes are her best feature.

2 [C] a part of a building or of an area of land:------------1- bentuk ciri alam -

.................a geographical feature
........................This tour takes in the area's best-known natural features, including the Gullfoss waterfall.
........................The most striking feature of the house was a huge two-storey room running the entire breadth and height of the building.

1 [C] a typical quality or an important part of something:-----------1- ciri - terumbu karang itu mempunyai ciri yg menarik di pantai -------------2 sifat- [ yg penting ] ciri - ciri2 istemewa kamu ini - -- walaupun ibu berbangsa cina tapi dia mewarisi raut muka orang jawa -----------------3- penampilan - adalah ciri utama -

...............The town's main features are its beautiful mosque and ancient marketplace.
.............Our latest model of phone has several new features.
.................A unique feature of these rock shelters was that they were dry.


expect (DEMAND) Show phoneticsverb [T]
to think that someone should behave in a particular way or do a particular thing:

....................I expect punctuality from my students.
........................[+ to infinitive] Borrowers are expected to (= should) return books on time.

(only) to be expected
normal and what usually happens:
..........................All parents of small children get tired. It's to be expected.

Universities

More than a quarter of the working population of the USA has one. Cairo, Bologna, and Paris have been offering them the longest. And you can now supposedly get them by sitting at home at a computer. What am I talking about? A university education, of course. So who goes to university and what do they get out of their experience?

Admission


Most universities don’t let just anyone in. Grades in the subjects you take in the final years of secondary education are what usually count and in many countries people also have to do an entry test. While most participants in higher education are in the 18-25 age-group, some people choose to take a break from work later

Which one to go to


In many countries there is a pecking order to the universities, with a few high status institutions at the top turning out an intellectual elite and attracting the best minds in teaching and research. Take a quick name check of the leading writers, politicians or scientists in the UK or the USA and you should find the majority chose to spend their student years sitting in the dining halls and libraries of Oxford and Cambridge or Harvard, Princeton and Yale. The training grounds for medicine, law or engineering in Britain tend to be the metropolitan ‘redbrick’ universities slightly lower down the list.

Money


When entrance was restricted to a lucky few in Britain, the state actually paid the sons and daughters of the middle classes not only their tuition fees but also a yearly grant towards living expenses as well. These days most European and North American students are given a loan which they have to pay back to the government once they are in full-time employment, or they finance themselves by working their way through college with part- time jobs in the evenings or at weekends.


Where to live



For the majority of students, attending a university in a town or city near to where they live is the only financially viable option, but in Britain for many years going to university meant leaving home, with all the freedom and independence that implied. Universities traditionally offer cheap and clean accommodation in halls of residence or student houses. After a year or so, many students opt to share private rented accommodation outside the university, which often pushes their culinary and hygiene skills to the limit.


Year out



These days if you haven’t taken time off between finishing school and embarking on higher education, you haven’t really lived. The gap year can be devoted to working for charities in different parts of the world, or simply to travelling, but it can at least concentrate the mind and perhaps give you a few more ideas about what you should do with the rest of your life. If you want to study abroad, you can often get a year out as part of a language course, or enter a scholarship programme such as Erasmus to support you while studying at a foreign university. Business or management students often devote time away from university in the form of a work placement, to help them gain practical experience in a professional environment


Teaching & learning



A common feature of any university is attending lectures, which involves taking notes while a lecturer, a university teacher, is speaking to large group of students. In Britain, you are also expected to present a subject perhaps once a term and comment on it in tutorials. These are small group discussions led by a lecturer at which closer analysis of a particular area is undertaken. Science-oriented courses also involve practical lessons and field trips which enable students to get to grips with their chosen course of study in the laboratory or beyond the university walls.