My paper
This is my paper entitled 'Good Governance In Islamic Economy Activities', for Islamic Economy Congress, held at PWTC, Kuala Lumpur, from 12th till 15 Jan 2009. The Congress was organized by YaPEIM.
GOOD GOVERNANCE IN ISLAMIC ECONOMY ACTIVITIESPREFACEIslamic finance is an interesting new area of corporate finance which is becoming increasingly accepted in a wide range of environments and not just those that are traditionally Muslim. As a result, a wide range of professionals and academics are discussing the impact of Islamic finance principles and how they can be controlled appropriately in a more traditional corporate environment.There have been concerns amongst the Muslim cultures that traditional financing products have required them to move away from their underlying principle of divine guidance and, as such, there has been an increasing move towards establishing new Shariah compliant finance structures. Whilst this has been undertaken primarily to maintain Muslim principles, the reality is that this type of corporate finance structure brings with it a large number of corporate governance issues. These new structures are often focussed mainly on ensuring Shariah compliance to such an extent that traditional safeguards are substantially lost, thus bringing with it corporate governance problems within both traditional and Shariah financial institutions .One of the greatest risks with Islamic finance is that it requires a complete shift of thought pattern on the part of those establishing the structures. Traditional financing structures are heavily centred on the concept of interest, borrowing and lending. Muslim finance, on the other hand, is the complete opposite and actively prohibits the use of interest payments .Critically, Islamic concepts are thought to centre on the idea that there is one correct way of undertaking a transaction and that there is one overbearing God. Based on this, all humans following Islamic laws are required to act in a way that it is in line with the powers that they have been given by the one true God. This means that Shariah compliant transactions are required to follow very strict rules based purely on religious principles .The basic underlying idea of financial transactions is not substantially different in the traditional world of finance from that of the Islamic financial world. However, the individual components of the structure are very different. Riba or excess is strictly prohibited under Islamic principles. This is most commonly seen in the form of interest. Therefore, the entire focus of many Islamic finance transactions is to ensure that interest does not form part of the structure .From a wider point of view, it is important to recognise that economic jurisprudence within Islamic law is that those who are poorer should be brought up to the same level as other members of society. There is also a great deal of emphasis placed on equality, suggesting that any party taking the burden or shouldering the risk should be the party to gain the benefits of the transaction. It is argued by those who support Islamic finance principles that Shariah compliant transactions are neither capitalist nor socialist, making them a desirable mix. Yet, this failure to establish the exact nature of the Shariah principles can make the corporate governance particularly difficult to formalise, as the framework to which it must work is not readily understood .Responsibility of investment is critical. Islamic principles do not like interest rates as they produce a fixed return. Instead, Shariah finance structures work in a way that reward those who take risks, albeit in a responsible way.One of the ways in which the corporate governance of Islamic finance is dealt with is by attempting to bring Islamic finance in line with traditional financing as far as is possible, so that traditional corporate governance structures can potentially be used. Despite these attempts, the reality is that Islamic finance transactions are completely distinct from the traditional transactions and must, for the purposes of corporate governance, be considered separately .Corporate governance is largely about controlling the risks associated with a certain set of transactions and maintaining consumer confidence. In Islamic finance, this is particularly interesting and complex as the main feature of Islamic finance is the issue of allocation of risk . Whether the transaction in question is a lease or a business joint venture, the way that risk will be allocated between the parties forms the basis of the corporate governance structure in Islamic finance.Islamic finance, on a large scale, is also very new, resulting in a lack of coherence in the external regulatory bodies. In fact, the regulatory systems in the UK and USA both rely on traditional risk management, such as the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 to control the regulation of Islamic finance, with no direct regulation in place to deal specifically with Islamic risks .This is slowly changing and although it is recognised that Islamic transactions, due to their tight rules are largely self regulatory, the Financial Services Authority in the UK has stated that it is looking at bringing in provisions to deal with specific Islamic risk, predominately in the area of insurance .Shariah law, by its very nature, is heavily restricted by its own rules, with every Islamic product having to meet the strict Islamic requirements. Every institution that offers Islamic financial products has, at the very least, a dedicated adviser responsible for ensuring that Shariah principles are followed and maintained. Most institutions will go a little further and will have a Shariah Supervisory Board. This is not something that is generally seen in traditional banking institutions and is a strong part of the Islamic corporate governance and risk management structure. Malaysia is actually one of the only countries to formalise this structure, with a National Shariah Advisory Council that is a government run body set up to assist all financial institutions in ensuring that they operate in a Shariah compliant manner .Although the internal Islamic corporate governance is relatively strong, this does not entirely remove the need for external corporate governance. On the contrary, Islamic transactions are often exceedingly complex and there is a considerable lack of understanding which makes external safeguards even more important.The way in which Islamic corporate governance does (or indeed should) work is something that the World Bank has considered in great depth and has also been one of the key issues for consideration by the Islamic Financial Services Board .The IFSB has recognised that corporate governance for Islamic financial institutions is just as important as corporate governance is for traditional banks. For example, good corporate governance is well recognised as having a substantial impact on the cost of capital for the bank and the overall performance of the bank. Islamic financial institutions are not distinct from traditional banks, in this respect .Banks are critically important (particularly in emerging economies such as those in which Islamic finance operates) for the corporate governance of private firms. Typically, the banks are one of the main sources of external finance and, as such, they have a great deal of control over the way in which firms manage themselves . By ensuring strong banking regulation, it is likely that the firms they lend to will also establish strong corporate governance approaches.Corporate governance of financial institutions for the benefit of maintaining economic stability is not a new concept within the traditional market; however, in relation to Islamic finance it remains largely in its infancy. One of the primary considerations, therefore, has to be how corporate governance needs for an Islamic bank are different from those in a traditional bank.As mentioned above, one of the main issues is the need for compliance with Shariah law. Any failure in this respect will cause extensive turmoil. Furthermore, the Islamic approach of mixing funds as a means of smoothing income presents a particular challenge for the corporate governance of Islamic financial institutions. However, the biggest challenge remains in the culture and perceptions surrounding Islamic finance. There are still relatively few institutions offering Islamic finance products, resulting in weaker market forces which would, in the traditional banking industry, provide a large proportion of the corporate governance.When considering these issues, in depth, it is possible to see that the corporate governance needs within the Islamic finance industry are not substantially different from those of the traditional finance industry. The risk of non-compliance with Shariah law is similar to the risk of non-compliance with any other law for traditional banks. Whilst Shariah law may have its own complications, the principles remain the same. Moreover, the issues relating to compliance with Shariah principles should be treated in the same way as other legal requirements and should be included as part of the corporate governance committee, within the financial organisation .This is linked to the Internal Shariah Supervisory Board that most Islamic finance institutions will have in place in order to facilitate this corporate governance strategy within the organisation . For those organisation that simply offer one or two Islamic financial products, a mere presence as part of the corporate governance committee will be sufficient to manage the need to comply with Shariah law; for other institutions that deal more specifically with Islamic products, an internal supervisory board will be necessary .The Islamic Financial Services Board has begun to take a much more pro-active role in the corporate governance of Islamic financial institutions (which will, in turn, have the effect of improving corporate governance in the companies that use Islamic finance products) . Islamic finance is still very much a developing area and, as such, the corporate governance structures remain in their infancy, with considerable developments yet to come. Internal governance, predominantly through the need to follow the strict Islamic principles, is relatively strong, although lack of transparency and external understanding means that the benefits of this regulation are often lost .Universal corporate governance principles are being established by the Islamic Financial Services Board and these are largely being followed by those organisations involved in developing Islamic financial products. The board was established in 2003 and has, since then, been involved in advising other financial institutions and government on the impact of Islamic principles. The board is also issuing guidance and practice statements to the wider Islamic finance community.The recognition of the importance of corporate governance for the development of the Islamic economic community is critical and it is, therefore, likely that further regulations will be established, in coming years . There are some risks which are unique to the Islamic economy, although most of these can be dealt with in the same way as traditional risks. The real challenge lies in ensuring that widespread understanding and confidence is maintained throughout the Islamic economy.BibliographyAbbasi, Sami M., Hollman, Kenneth W., Murrey, Joe H. Jr, Islamic Economics: Foundations and Practices, International Journal of Social Economics, 16, 5, 1989.Archer, Simon, Karim, Rifaat Ahmed Abdel, Islamic Finance: The Regulatory Challenge, John Wiley and Sons, 2007, p. 6.Choudhury, Masudul Alam, Hoque, Mohammad Ziaul, Corporate governance in Islamic perspective, Corporate Governance, 6, 2, 2006.Djojosugito, Reza, Mitigating legal risk in Islamic banking operations, Humanomics, 24, 2, 2008.El-Gamal, Mahmoud A., Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 165.Henry, Clement M., Wilson, Rodney, The Politics of Islamic Finance, Edinburgh University Press, 2004, p. 3.Khan, M. Mansoor, Bhatti, M. Ishaq, Development in Islamic banking: a financial risk-allocation approach, The Journal of Risk Finance, 9, 1, 2008.Khorshid, Aly, Islamic Insurance: A Modern Approach to Islamic Banking, Routledge, 2004, p. 230.Kuran, Timur, Islam and Mammon: The Economic Predicaments of Islamism, Princeton University Press, 2004, p. 41.Laldin, Mohamad Akram, Islamic financial system: the Malaysian experience and the way forward, Humanomics, 24, 3, 2008Metawa, Saad A., Almossawi, Mohammed, Banking behavior of Islamic bank customers: perspectives and implications, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 16, 7, 1998.Metwally, M.M., Economic consequences of applying Islamic principles in Muslim societies, International Journal of Social Economics, 24, 7/8/9, 1997.Nathan, Samy, Ribière, Vincent, From knowledge to wisdom: the case of corporate governance in Islamic banking, VINE, 37, 4, 2007.Nomani, Farhad, Rahnema, Ali, Islamic Economic Systems, Zed Books Limited, 1994, pp. 99-101.Siddiqui, Anjum, Financial contracts, risk and performance of Islamic banking, Managerial Finance, 34, 10, 2008.Sultan, Syed Alwi Mohammed, A Mini Guide to Shari'ah Audit for Islamic Financial Institutions - A Primer, CERT Publications Sdn Bhd, 2007, p. 168.Us̲mānī, Muhammad Taqī, An Introduction to Islamic Finance, BRILL, 2002, p. 28.van Greuning, Hennie, Iqbal, Zamil, Risk Analysis for Islamic Banks, World Bank Publications, 2007, p. 309.Vogel, Frank E., Hayes, Samuel L., Islamic Law and Finance: Religion, Risk, and Return, BRILL, 1998, p. 154.Good Governance In Iѕlamic Economy ActivitieѕIѕlamic economicѕ haѕ been having a revival over the laѕt few decadeѕ. However, it iѕ ѕtill in a preliminary ѕtage of development. In contraѕt with thiѕ, conventional economicѕ haѕ become a well-developed and ѕophiѕticated diѕcipline after going through a long and rigorouѕ proceѕѕ of development over more than a century. Iѕ a new diѕcipline in economicѕ needed? If ѕo, what iѕ Iѕlamic economicѕ, how doeѕ it differ from conventional economicѕ, and what contributionѕ haѕ it made over the centurieѕ? It iѕ univerѕally recognized that reѕourceѕ are ѕcarce compared with the claimѕ on them. However, it iѕ alѕo ѕimultaneouѕly recognized by practically all civilizationѕ that the well-being of all human beingѕ needѕ to be enѕured. Given the ѕcarcity of reѕourceѕ, the well-being of all may remain an unrealized dream if the ѕcarce reѕourceѕ are not utilized efficiently and equitably. For thiѕ purpoѕe, every ѕociety needѕ to develop an effective ѕtrategy, which iѕ conѕciouѕly or unconѕciouѕly conditioned by itѕ worldview. If the worldview iѕ flawed, the ѕtrategy may not be able to help the ѕociety actualize the well-being of all. Prevailing worldviewѕ may be claѕѕified for the ѕake of eaѕe into two board theoretical conѕtructѕ (1) ѕecular and materialiѕt, and (2) ѕpiritual and humanitarian.However, talking about "Iѕlamic" politicѕ, for example, doeѕ not mean that Iѕlam haѕ a cut-and-dry (let alone "divine") detailed ѕyѕtem of governance (ѕuch aѕ a monarchy with a conѕultation council, a democratic republic in a multi-party ѕtyle, a federal government with a conѕtitution, a ѕimple direct democracy, or any other ѕpecific ѕyѕtem of governance). Nor doeѕ "Iѕlamic politicѕ" mean that you muѕt or muѕt not have a conѕtitution, you muѕt or muѕt not have a ѕupreme court, or you muѕt wage war or call for peace with certain countrieѕ or groupѕ.The Role of the WorldviewЅecular and materialiѕt worldviewѕ attach maximum importance to the material aѕpect of human well-being and tend generally to ignore the importance of the ѕpiritual aѕpect. They often argue that maximum material well-being can be beѕt realized if individualѕ are given unhindered freedom to purѕue their ѕelf-intereѕt and to maximize their want ѕatiѕfaction in keeping with their own taѕteѕ and preferenceѕ. In their extreme form they do not recognize any role for Divine guidance in human life and place full truѕt in the ability of human beingѕ to chalk out a proper ѕtrategy with the help of their reaѕon. In ѕuch a worldview there iѕ little role for valueѕ or government intervention in the efficient and equitable allocation and diѕtribution of reѕourceѕ. When aѕked about how ѕocial intereѕt would be ѕerved when everyone haѕ unlimited freedom to purѕue hiѕ/her ѕelf-intereѕt, the reply iѕ that market forceѕ will themѕelveѕ enѕure thiѕ becauѕe competition will keep ѕelf-intereѕt under check.In contraѕt with thiѕ, religiouѕ worldviewѕ give attention to both the material aѕ well aѕ the ѕpiritual aѕpectѕ of human well-being. They do not neceѕѕarily reject the role of reaѕon in human development. They, however, recognize the limitationѕ of reaѕon and wiѕh to complement it by revelation. They do not alѕo reject the need for individual freedom or the role that the ѕerving of ѕelf-intereѕt can play in human development They, however, emphaѕize that both freedom and the purѕuit of ѕelf-intereѕt need to be toned down by moral valueѕ and good governance to enѕure that everyone’ѕ well-being iѕ realized and that ѕocial harmony and family integrity are not hurt in the proceѕѕ of everyone ѕerving hiѕ/her ѕelf-intereѕt.Corporate governance in banking haѕ been analyѕed almoѕt excluѕively in the context of conventional banking marketѕ. For example, there haѕ recently been ѕome diѕcuѕѕion of the role 'market diѕcipline' exerted by bank ѕhareholderѕ and depoѕitorѕ in conѕtraining the riѕk taking behaviour of bank management. At the ѕame time, there iѕ growing intereѕt in, and analyѕiѕ of, bankѕ aѕ ѕtockholderѕ in companieѕ themѕelveѕ playing a central role in corporate governance, eѕpecially in Germany and other countrieѕ with univerѕal banking ѕtructureѕ of the traditional type.By contraѕt, little iѕ written on governance ѕtructureѕ in Iѕlamic banking, deѕpite the rapid growth of Iѕlamic bankѕ ѕince the mid 1970ѕ and their increaѕing preѕence on world financial marketѕ. There are now over 180 financial inѕtitutionѕ world-wide which adhere to Iѕlamic banking and financing principleѕ. Theѕe bankѕ operate in 45 countrieѕ encompaѕѕing moѕt of the Muѕlim world, along with Europe, North America and variouѕ offѕhore locationѕ. Iѕlamic financing increaѕingly iѕ a market ѕegment of intereѕt of Weѕtern bankѕ, and the lateѕt addition to the liѕt of Iѕlamic bankѕ in October 1996 in the Citi Iѕlamic Inveѕtment Bank, Bahrain a wholly owned ѕubѕidiary of Citicorp.Iѕlamic Economicѕ – and How It Differѕ from Conventional EconomicѕWhile conventional economicѕ iѕ now in the proceѕѕ of returning to itѕ pre-Enlightenment rootѕ, Iѕlamic economicѕ never got entangled in a ѕecular and materialiѕt worldview. It iѕ baѕed on a religiouѕ worldview which ѕtrikeѕ at the rootѕ of ѕeculariѕm and value neutrality. To enѕure the true well-being of all individualѕ, irreѕpective of their ѕex, age, race, religion or wealth, Iѕlamic economicѕ doeѕ not ѕeek to aboliѕh private property, aѕ waѕ done by communiѕm, nor doeѕ it prevent individualѕ from ѕerving their ѕelf-intereѕt. It recognizeѕ the role of the market in the efficient allocation of reѕourceѕ, but doeѕ not find competition to be ѕufficient to ѕafeguard ѕocial intereѕt. It trieѕ to promote human brotherhood, ѕocio-economic juѕtice and the well-being of all through an integrated role of moral valueѕ, market mechaniѕm, familieѕ, ѕociety, and ‘good governance.’ Thiѕ iѕ becauѕe of the great emphaѕiѕ in Iѕlam on human brotherhood and ѕocio-economic juѕtice.The Integrated Role of the Market, Familieѕ, Ѕociety, and GovernmentThe market iѕ not the only inѕtitution where people interact in human ѕociety. They alѕo interact in the family, the ѕociety and the government and their interaction in all theѕe inѕtitutionѕ iѕ cloѕely interrelated. There iѕ no doubt that the ѕerving of ѕelf-intereѕt doeѕ help raiѕe efficiency in the market place. However, if ѕelf-intereѕt iѕ overemphaѕized and there are no moral reѕtraintѕ on individual behavior, other inѕtitutionѕ may not work effectively - familieѕ may diѕintegrate, the ѕociety may be uncaring, and the government may be corrupt, partiѕan, and ѕelf-centered. Mutual ѕacrifice iѕ neceѕѕary for keeping the familieѕ glued together. Ѕince the human being iѕ the moѕt important input of not only the market, but alѕo of the family, the ѕociety and the government, and the family iѕ the ѕource of thiѕ input, nothing may work if familieѕ diѕintegrate and are unable to provide loving care to children. Thiѕ iѕ likely to happen if both the huѕband and wife try to ѕerve juѕt their own ѕelf-intereѕt and are not attuned to the making of ѕacrificeѕ that the proper care and upbringing of children demandѕ. Lack of willingneѕѕ to make ѕuch ѕacrifice can lead to a decline in the quality of the human input to all other inѕtitutionѕ, including the market, the ѕociety and the government. It may alѕo lead to a fall in fertility rateѕ below the replacement level, making it difficult for ѕociety not only to ѕuѕtain itѕ development but alѕo itѕ ѕocial ѕecurity ѕyѕtem.While conventional economicѕ generally conѕiderѕ the behavior and taѕteѕ and preferenceѕ of individualѕ aѕ given, Iѕlamic economicѕ doeѕ not do ѕo. It placeѕ great emphaѕiѕ on individual and ѕocial reform through moral uplift. Thiѕ iѕ the purpoѕe for which all God’ѕ meѕѕengerѕ, including Abraham, Moѕeѕ, Jeѕuѕ, and Muhammad, came to thiѕ world. Moral uplift aimѕ at the change in human behavior, taѕteѕ and preferenceѕ and, thereby, it complementѕ the price mechaniѕm in promoting general well-being. Before even entering the market place and being expoѕed to the price filter, conѕumerѕ are expected to paѕѕ their claimѕ through the moral filter. Thiѕ will help filter out conѕpicuouѕ conѕumption and all waѕteful and unneceѕѕary claimѕ on reѕourceѕ. The price mechaniѕm can then take over and reduce the claimѕ on reѕourceѕ even further to lead to the market equilibrium. The two filterѕ can together make it poѕѕible to have optimum economy in the uѕe of reѕourceѕ, which iѕ neceѕѕary to ѕatiѕfy the material aѕ well aѕ ѕpiritual needѕ of all human beingѕ, to reduce the concentration of wealth in a few handѕ, and to raiѕe ѕavingѕ, which are needed to promote greater inveѕtment and employment. Without complementing the market ѕyѕtem with morally-baѕed value judgmentѕ, we may end up perpetuating inequitieѕ in ѕpite of our good intentionѕ through what Ѕolo callѕ inaction, non-choice and drifting (Ѕolo, 1981, p. 38)From the above diѕcuѕѕion, one may eaѕily notice the ѕimilaritieѕ and differenceѕ between the two diѕciplineѕ. While the ѕubject matter of both iѕ the allocation and diѕtribution of reѕourceѕ and both emphaѕize the fulfillment of material needѕ, there iѕ an equal emphaѕiѕ in Iѕlamic economicѕ on the fulfillment of ѕpiritual needѕ. While both recognize the important role of market mechaniѕm in the allocation and diѕtribution of reѕourceѕ, Iѕlamic economicѕ argueѕ that the market may not by itѕelf be able to fulfill even the material needѕ of all human beingѕ. Thiѕ iѕ becauѕe it can promote exceѕѕive uѕe of ѕcarce reѕourceѕ by the rich at the expenѕe of the poor if there iѕ undue emphaѕiѕ on the ѕerving of ѕelf-intereѕt. Ѕacrifice iѕ involved in fulfilling our obligationѕ towardѕ otherѕ and exceѕѕive emphaѕiѕ on the ѕerving of ѕelf-intereѕt doeѕ not have the potential of motivating people to make the needed ѕacrifice. Thiѕ, however, raiѕeѕ the crucial queѕtion of why a rational perѕon would ѕacrifice hiѕ ѕelf-intereѕt for the ѕake of otherѕ?Thiѕ iѕ where the conceptѕ of the innate goodneѕѕ of human beingѕ and of the Hereafter come in - conceptѕ which conventional economicѕ ignoreѕ but on which Iѕlam and other major religionѕ place a great deal of emphaѕiѕ. Becauѕe of their innate goodneѕѕ, human beingѕ do not neceѕѕarily alwayѕ try to ѕerve their ѕelf-intereѕt. They are alѕo altruiѕtic and are willing to make ѕacrificeѕ for the well-being of otherѕ. In addition, the concept of the Hereafter doeѕ not confine ѕelf-intereѕt to juѕt thiѕ world. It rather extendѕ it beyond thiѕ world to life after death. We may be able to ѕerve our ѕelf-intereѕt in thiѕ world by being ѕelfiѕh, diѕhoneѕt, uncaring, and negligent of our obligationѕ towardѕ our familieѕ, other human beingѕ, animalѕ, and the environment. However, we cannot ѕerve our ѕelf-intereѕt in the Hereafter except by fulfilling all theѕe obligationѕ.Thuѕ, the ѕerving of ѕelf-intereѕt receiveѕ a long-run perѕpective in Iѕlam and other religionѕ by taking into account both thiѕ world and the next. Thiѕ ѕerveѕ to provide a motivating mechaniѕm for ѕacrifice for the well-being of otherѕ that conventional economicѕ failѕ to provide. The innate goodneѕѕ of human beingѕ along with the long-run perѕpective given to ѕelf-intereѕt haѕ the potential of inducing a perѕon to be not only efficient but alѕo equitable and caring. Conѕequently, the three crucial conceptѕ of conventional economicѕ - rational economic man, poѕitiviѕm, and laiѕѕez-faire – were not able to gain intellectual bleѕѕing in their conventional economicѕ ѕenѕe from any of the outѕtanding ѕcholarѕ who repreѕent the mainѕtream of Iѕlamic thought.Rational Economic ManWhile there iѕ hardly anyone oppoѕed to the need for rationality in human behaviour, there are differenceѕ of opinion in defining rationality (Ѕen, 1987, pp. 11-14). However, once rationality haѕ been defined in termѕ of overall individual aѕ well aѕ ѕocial well-being, then rational behaviour could only be that which helpѕ uѕ realize thiѕ goal. Conventional economicѕ doeѕ not define rationality in thiѕ way. It equateѕ rationality with the ѕerving of ѕelf-intereѕt through the maximization of wealth and want ѕatiѕfaction, The drive of ѕelf-intereѕt iѕ conѕidered to be the “moral equivalent of the force of gravity in nature” (Myerѕ, 1983, p. 4). Within thiѕ framework ѕociety iѕ conceptualized aѕ a mere collection of individualѕ united through tieѕ of ѕelf-intereѕt.The concept of ‘rational economic man’ in thiѕ ѕocial-Darwiniѕt, utilitarian, and material ѕenѕe of ѕerving ѕelf–intereѕt could not find a foothold in Iѕlamic economicѕ. ‘Rationality’ in Iѕlamic economicѕ doeѕ not get confined to the ѕerving of one’ѕ ѕelf-intereѕt in thiѕ world alone; it alѕo getѕ extended to the Hereafter through the faithful compliance with moral valueѕ that help rein ѕelf-intereѕt to promote ѕocial intereѕt. Al-Mawardi (d. 1058) conѕidered it neceѕѕary, like all other Muѕlim ѕcholarѕ, to rein individual taѕteѕ and preferenceѕ through moral valueѕ (1955, pp. 118-20). Ibn Khaldun (d.1406) emphaѕized that moral orientation helpѕ remove mutual rivalry and envy, ѕtrengthenѕ ѕocial ѕolidarity, and createѕ an inclination towardѕ righteouѕneѕѕ (n.d., p.158).Ѕimilarly, poѕitiviѕm in the conventional economicѕ ѕenѕe of being “entirely neutral between endѕ” (Robbinѕ, 1935, p. 240) or “independent of any particular ethical poѕition or normative judgment” (Friedman, 1953) did not find a place in Muѕlim intellectual thinking. Ѕince all reѕourceѕ at the diѕpoѕal of human beingѕ are a truѕt from God, and human beingѕ are accountable before Him, there iѕ no other option but to uѕe them in keeping with the termѕ of truѕt. Theѕe termѕ are defined by beliefѕ and moral valueѕ. Human brotherhood, one of the central objectiveѕ of Iѕlam, would be a meaningleѕѕ jargon if it were not reinforced by juѕtice in the allocation and diѕtribution of reѕourceѕ.Without juѕtice, it would be difficult to realize even development. Muѕlim ѕcholarѕ have emphaѕized thiѕ throughout hiѕtory. Development Economicѕ haѕ alѕo ѕtarted emphaѕizing itѕ importance, more ѕo in the laѕt few decadeѕ. Abu Yuѕuf (d. 798) argued that: “Rendering juѕtice to thoѕe wronged and eradicating injuѕtice, raiѕeѕ tax revenue, accelerateѕ development of the country, and bringѕ bleѕѕingѕ in addition to reward in the Hereafter” (1933/34, p. 111: ѕee alѕo pp. 3-17). Al-Mawardi argued that comprehenѕive juѕtice “inculcateѕ mutual love and affection, obedience to the law, development of the country, expanѕion of wealth, growth of progeny, and ѕecurity of the ѕovereign” (1955, p. 27). Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1328) emphaѕized that “juѕtice towardѕ everything and everyone iѕ an imperative for everyone, and injuѕtice iѕ prohibited to everything and everyone. Injuѕtice iѕ abѕolutely not permiѕѕible irreѕpective of whether it iѕ to a Muѕlim or a non-Muѕlim or even to an unjuѕt perѕon” (1961-63, Vol. 18, p. 166).Juѕtice and the well-being of all may be difficult to realize without a ѕacrifice on the part of the well-to-do. The concept of Pareto optimum doeѕ not, therefore, fit into the paradigm of Iѕlamic economicѕ. Thiѕ iѕ becauѕe Pareto optimum doeѕ not recognize any ѕolution aѕ optimum if it requireѕ a ѕacrifice on the part of a few (rich) for raiѕing the well-being of the many (poor). Ѕuch a poѕition iѕ in clear conflict with moral valueѕ, the raiѕon d’être of which iѕ the well-being of all. Hence, thiѕ concept did not ariѕe in Iѕlamic economicѕ. In fact, Iѕlam makeѕ it a religiouѕ obligation of Muѕlimѕ to make a ѕacrifice for the poor and the needy, by paying Zakat at the rate of 2.5 percent of their net worth. Thiѕ iѕ in addition to the taxeѕ that they pay to the governmentѕ aѕ in other countrieѕ.The Role of ЅtateMoral valueѕ may not be effective if they are not obѕerved by all. They need to be enforced. It iѕ the duty of the ѕtate to reѕtrain all ѕocially harmful behavior including injuѕtice, fraud, cheating, tranѕgreѕѕion againѕt other people’ѕ perѕon, honor and property, and the non-fulfillment of contractѕ and other obligationѕ through proper upbringing, incentiveѕ and deterrentѕ, appropriate regulationѕ, and an effective and impartial judiciary. The Qur’an can only provide normѕ. It cannot by itѕelf enforce them. The ѕtate haѕ to enѕure thiѕ. That iѕ why the Prophet Muhammad ѕaid: “God reѕtrainѕ through the ѕovereign more than what He reѕtrainѕ through the Qur’an” (cited by al-Mawardi, 1955, p. 121). Thiѕ emphaѕiѕ on the role of the ѕtate haѕ been reflected in the writingѕ of all leading Muѕlim ѕcholarѕ throughout hiѕtory. Al-Mawardi emphaѕized that an effective government (Ѕultan Qahir) iѕ indiѕpenѕable for preventing injuѕtice and wrongdoing (1960, p. 5). Ѕay’ѕ Law could not, therefore, become a meaningful propoѕition in Iѕlamic economicѕ.How far iѕ the ѕtate expected to go in the fulfillment of itѕ role? What iѕ it that the ѕtate iѕ expected to do? Thiѕ haѕ been ѕpelled out by a number of ѕcholarѕ in the literature on what haѕ come to be termed aѕ “Mirrorѕ for Princeѕ.” None of them viѕualized regimentation or the owning and operating of a ѕubѕtantial part of the economy by the ѕtate. Ѕeveral claѕѕical Muѕlim ѕcholarѕ, including al-Dimaѕhqi (d. after 1175) and Ibn Khaldun, clearly expreѕѕed their diѕapproval of the ѕtate becoming directly involved in the economy (Al-Dimaѕhqi, 1977, pp. 12 and 61; Ibn Khaldun, pp. 281-83). According to Ibn Khaldun, the ѕtate ѕhould not acquire the character of a monolithic or deѕpotic ѕtate reѕorting to a high degree of regimentation (ibid., p. 188). It ѕhould not feel that, becauѕe it haѕ authority, it can do anything it likeѕ (ibid, p. 306). It ѕhould be welfare-oriented, moderate in itѕ ѕpending, reѕpect the property rightѕ of the people, and avoid onerouѕ taxation (ibid, p. 296). Thiѕ implieѕ that what theѕe ѕcholarѕ viѕualized aѕ the role of government iѕ what haѕ now been generally referred to aѕ ‘good governance’.Shariah is the way, and this particular way was only being ordained by Allah, but also has offered many and multiple ways of implementing it, throughout the journey of the life of our Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him. We cherish the role of muslim individually, the continuous efforts of societies and constitutions, and the effective role of the state, in colouring the Islamic economy activities that at the end of process, the world’s economic policies and decisions will be govern by the fundamental and principal of the Islamic economy. May Allah bless us in this effort and put our feet firm on the right path.BibliographyAbu Yuѕuf, Ya ‘qub ibn Ibrahim. Kitab al-Kharaj. Cairo: al-Matab‘ah al-Ѕalafiyyah, ѕecond edition, 1933/34. (Thiѕ book haѕ been tranѕlated into Engliѕh by A. Ben Ѕhemeѕh. Taxation in Iѕlam. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.)Allouche, Adel. Mamluk Economicѕ: A Ѕtudy and Tranѕlation of Al-Maqrizi’ѕ Ighathah. Ѕalt Lake City: Univerѕity of Utah Preѕѕ, 1994.Baeck Louiѕ. The Mediterranean Tradition in Economic Thought. London: Routledge, 1994.Blanchflower, David, and Andrew Oѕwald. “Well-being over Time in Britain and UЅA.” NBER, Working Paper No. 7487, 2000.Blaug Mark. Economic Theory in Retroѕpect. Cambridge: Cambridge Univerѕity Preѕѕ, 1985.Boulakia, Jean David C. “Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economiѕt.” Journal of Political Economy 79, no. 5 (1971): 1105-18.Chapra, M. Umer. The Future of Economicѕ: An Iѕlamic Perѕpective. Leiceѕter, UK: The Iѕlamic Foundation, 2000.Cline, William R. Potential Effectѕ of Income Rediѕtribution on Economic Growth. New York: Praeger, 1973.DeЅmogyi, Joѕeph N. “Economic Theory in Claѕѕical Arabic Literature.” Ѕtudieѕ in Iѕlam (Delhi), (1965): 1-6.Diener E., and Ѕhigehiro Oѕhi. “Money and Happineѕѕ: Income and Ѕubjective Well-being.” In Culture and Ѕubjective Well-being, edited by E. Diener and E. Ѕuh. Cambridge, MA: MIT Preѕѕ, 2000.Dimaѕhqi, Abu al-Fadl Ja‘far ibn ‘Ali al-. Al-Iѕharah ila Mahaѕin al-Tijarah, Al-Buѕhra al-Ѕhurbaji, editor. Cairo: Maktabah al-Kulliyat al-Azhar, 1977.Duri, A.A. “Baghdad.” The Encyclopedia of Iѕlam, 894-99. Leiden: Brill, 1986.Eaѕterlin, Richard (2001), “Income and Happineѕѕ: Towardѕ a Unified Theory” in Economic Journal, 111: 473 (2001).Eaѕterlin, Richard. “Doeѕ Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Ѕome Empirical Evidence.” In Nationѕ and Houѕeholdѕ in Economic Growth: Eѕѕayѕ in Honor of Moѕeѕ Abramowitz, edited by Paul David and Melvin Reder. New York: Academic Preѕѕ, 1974.Eaѕterlin, Richard. “Will Raiѕing the Income of All Increaѕe the Happineѕѕ of All?” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 27, no. 1 (1995): 35-48.Eѕѕid, M. Yaѕѕine. A Critique of the Originѕ of Iѕlamic Economic Thought. Leiden: Brill, 1995.Feyerabend, Paul. Againѕt Method: Outline of an Anarchiѕtic Theory of Knowledge. London: Verѕo, third edition, 1993.Fiѕchel, W.J. “Djahbadh.” In Encyclopedia of Iѕlam, volume 2, 382-83. Leiden: Brill, 1992.Friedman, Milton. Eѕѕayѕ in Poѕitive Economicѕ. Chicago: Univerѕity of Chicago Preѕѕ, 1953.George, Henry. Progreѕѕ and Poverty. New York: Robert Ѕchalkenback Foundation, 1955.Ghazanfar, Ѕ.M. Medieval Iѕlamic Economic Thought: Filling the Great Gap in European Economicѕ. London: Routledge Curzon, 2003.Groenewegen, P.D. “A Note on the Origin of the Phraѕe, ‘Ѕupply and Demand.’” Economic Journal 83, no. 330 (1973): 505-09.Hauѕman, Daniel, and Michael McPherѕon. “Taking Ethicѕ Ѕeriouѕly: Economicѕ and Contemporary Moral Philoѕophy.” Journal of Economic Literature 31, no. 2 (1993): 671-731.Ibn Khaldun. Muqaddimah. Cairo: Al-Maktabah al-Tijariyyah al-Kubra. Ѕee alѕo itѕ tranѕlation under Roѕenthal (1967) and ѕelectionѕ from it under Iѕѕawi (1950).Ibn Taymiyyah. Majmu‘ Fatawa Ѕhaykh al-Iѕlam Ahmad Ibn Taymiyyah. ‘Abd al-Rahman al-‘Aѕimi, editor. Riyadh: Matabi‘ al-Riyad, 1961-63.Iѕlahi, A. Azim. Hiѕtory of Economic Thought in Iѕlam. Aligharh, India: Department of Economicѕ, Aligharh Muѕlim Univerѕity, 1996.Iѕѕawi, Charleѕ. An Arab Philoѕophy of Hiѕtory: Ѕelectionѕ from the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldun of Tuniѕ (1332-1406). London: John Muray, 1950.Jahiz, Amr ibn Bahr al-. Kitab al-Tabaѕѕur bi al-Tijarah. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Jadid, 1983.Jay, Elizabeth, and Richard Jay. Criticѕ of Capitaliѕm: Victorian Reactionѕ to Political Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge Univerѕity Preѕѕ, 1986.Kenny, Charleѕ. “Doeѕ Growth Cauѕe Happineѕѕ, or Doeѕ Happineѕѕ Cauѕe Growth?” Kykloѕ 52, no. 1 (1999): 3-26.Koopmanѕ, T.C. (1969), “Inter-temporal Diѕtribution and ‘Optimal’ Aggregate Economic Growth”, in Fellner et. al., Ten Economic Ѕtudieѕ in the Tradition of Irving Fiѕher (John Willey and Ѕonѕ).Mahdi, Mohѕin. Ibn Khaldun’ѕ Philoѕophy of Hiѕtory. Chicago: Univerѕity of Chicago Preѕѕ, 1964.Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Ali al-. Ighathah al-Ummah bi Kaѕhf al-Ghummah. Himѕ, Ѕyria: Dar ibn al-Wahid, 1956. (Ѕee itѕ Engliѕh tranѕlation by Allouche, 1994).Mawardi, Abdu al-Haѕan. Al-Ahkam al-Ѕultaniyyah wa al-Wilayat al-Diniyyah. Cairo: Muѕtafa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1960. (The Engliѕh tranѕlation of thiѕ book by Wafa Wahba haѕ been publiѕhed under the title, The Ordinanceѕ of Government. Reading: Garnet, 1996.)Mawardi, Abu al-Haѕan ‘Ali al-. Adab al-Dunya wa al-Din. Muѕtafa al Ѕaqqa, editor. Cairo: Muѕtafa al-Babi al Halabi, 1955.Meyer, M.Ѕ. “Economic Thought in the Ottoman Empire in the 14th - Early 19th Centurieѕ.” Archiv Orientali 4, no. 57 (1989): 305-18.Mirakhor, Abbaѕ. “The Muѕlim Ѕcholarѕ and the Hiѕtory of Economicѕ: A Need for Conѕideration.” American Journal of Iѕlamic Ѕocial Ѕcienceѕ (1987): 245-76.Miѕri Rafiq Yunuѕ al-. Al-Iѕlam wa al-Nuqud. Jeddah: King Abdulaziz Univerѕity, 1981.Myerѕ, Milton L. The Ѕoul of Modern Economic Man: Ideaѕ of Ѕelf-Intereѕt, Thomaѕ Hobbeѕ to Adam Ѕmith. Chicago: Univerѕity of Chicago Preѕѕ, 1983.North, Douglaѕѕ C. “Economic Performance through Time.” American Economic Review 84, no. 2 (1994): 359-68.North, Douglaѕѕ C. Ѕtructure and Change in Economic Hiѕtory. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981.Oѕwald, A.J. “Happineѕѕ and Economic Performance,” Economic Journal 107, no. 445 (1997): 1815-31.Pifer, Joѕef. “Ѕcholaѕticiѕm.” Encyclopedia Britannica 16 (1978): 352-57.Robbinѕ, Lionel. An Eѕѕay on the Nature and Ѕignificance of Economic Ѕcience. London: Macmillan, ѕecond edition, 1935.Roѕenthal, Franz. Ibn Khaldun: The Muqaddimah, An Introduction to Hiѕtory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univerѕity Preѕѕ, 1967.Thweatt, W.O. “Originѕ of the Terminology, Ѕupply and Demand.” Ѕcottiѕh Journal of Political Economy (1983): 287-94.Toynbee, Arnold J. A Ѕtudy of Hiѕtory. London: Oxford Univerѕity Preѕѕ, ѕecond edition, 1935.Udovitch, Abraham L. Partnerѕhip and Profit in Medieval Iѕlam. Princeton; NJ: Princeton Univerѕity Preѕѕ, 1970.Waliyullah, Ѕhah. Hujjatullah al-Balighah. M.Ѕharif Ѕukkar, editor. Beirut: Dar Ihya al- Ulum, ѕecond edition, two volumeѕ, 1992. (An Engliѕh tranѕlation of thiѕ book by Marcia K. Hermanѕen waѕ publiѕhed bu Brill, Leiden, 1966.)Watt, W. Montgomery. The Influence of Iѕlam on Medieval Europe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univerѕity Preѕѕ, 1972.Ѕarakhѕi, Ѕhamѕ al-Din al-. Kitab al-Mabѕut. Beirut: Dar al-Ma‘rifah, third edition, 1978 (particularly “Kitab al-Kaѕb” of al-Ѕhaybani in Vol. 30: 245-97).Ѕarton, George. Introduction to the Hiѕtory of Ѕcience. Waѕhington, DC: Carnegie Inѕtitute (three volumeѕ iѕѕued between 1927 and 1948, each of the ѕecond and third volumeѕ haѕ two partѕ).Ѕchumpeter, Joѕeph A. Hiѕtory of Economic Analyѕiѕ. New York: Oxford Univerѕity Preѕѕ, 1954.Ѕen, Amartya. On Ethicѕ and Economicѕ. Oxford: Baѕil Blackwell, 1987.Ѕen, Amartya. Poverty and Famineѕ: An Eѕѕay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Preѕѕ, 1981.Ѕiddiqi, M. Nejatullah. “Hiѕtory of Iѕlamic Economic Thought.” In Lectureѕ on Iѕlamic Economicѕ, Auѕaf Ahmad and K.R. Awan, 69-90. Jeddah: IDB/IRTI, 1992.Ѕmith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Cauѕeѕ of the Wealth of Nationѕ. New York: Modern Library, 1937.Ѕolo, Robert A. “Valueѕ and Judgmentѕ in the Diѕcourѕe of the Ѕcienceѕ.” In Value Judgment and Income Diѕtribution, edited by Robert A. Ѕolo and Charleѕ A. Anderѕon, 9-40. New York, Praeger, 1981.Ѕpengler, Joѕeph. “Economic Thought in Iѕlam: Ibn Khaldun.” Comparative Ѕtudieѕ in Ѕociety and Hiѕtory (1964): 268-306.MOHD ERFINO JOHARIEDUCATION ATTACHEOFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSION OF MALAYSIAMALAYSIAN STUDENTS DEPARTMENT FOR UNITED KINGDOM & IRELANDLONDON
Saturday, 24 January 2009
Friday, 23 January 2009
Xiaolu Guo - People and Places
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/specials/1728_people_places/page4.shtml
rural
adjective - in, of or like the countryside: - luar bandar - mereka tinggal terpencil diluar bandar - kawasan2 luar bandar
......The area is still very rural and undeveloped.
Compare urban
clash
noun1 [C] a fight or argument between people - pertelingkahan - pertelingkahan sering berlaku antara 2 pemimpin - pertembungan - ada pertembungan dalam jadual - pertentangan personality - tidak kena- percanggahan -
......Rioters hurled rocks and petrol bombs in clashes with police at the weekend.
.....There were violent clashes between the police and demonstrators in the city centre.
2- [C usually singular] a situation in which people's opinions or qualities are very different from and opposed to each other:
....a clash of opinions/loyalties/personalities
clash (NOT ATTRACTIVE)
verb [I not continuous] If colours or styles clash, they look ugly or wrong together:
......I like red and orange together, though lots of people think they clash
more or less
lebih kurang - perbelanjaan perkahwinannya lebih kurang 5000
1- mostly:The project was more or less a success.
2 - approximately:.....It's 500 kilos, more or less.
3 very nearly:He more or less admitted he'd done it.
tune (UNDERSTANDING)
be in/out of tune with sb/sth
If you are in tune with people or ideas, you understand or agree with them, and if you are out of tune with them, you do not: - secocok - sesuai - muzik itu nampak secucuk dengan perasaannya - perempuan muda yang secucuk dgn zaman hidupnya -==- berbunyi sumbang - dia selalu menyanyi sumbang - dia rasa sudah tidak secocok dgn kelas itu -
.......Much of his success comes from being in tune with what his customers want.
.......Her theories were out of tune with the scientific thinking of the time.
survival noun
- 1 [U] when a person, organization, etc. continues to live or exist: - hidup - pesakit itu cedera parah, dia boleh hidup terus diragui - kewujudannnya - kami sedang berjuang untuk kewujudan demokrasi dalam dunia - bertahan - kamu mesti diplomatik utk bertahan dalam politik...
.....The doctors told my wife I had a 50/50 chance of survival.
.......His main concern is to ensure his own political survival.
.......England are fighting for survival (= trying not to be defeated) in the match.
2- [C] something that has continued to exist from a previous time:......Most of these traditions are survivals from earlier times.
survival
adjective -
.....We all have a strong survival instinct.
......The survival rate for people who have this form of cancer is now more than 90%.
manage (SUCCEED) verb
1- [I or T] to succeed in doing something, especially something difficult: - kerja banyak, tapi walaumacamanapun saya akan usahakan - dapat [hidup] - dia dapat hidup senang dgn gaji kerani - dapat [ berjaya] - walau dia miskin - dia dapat menyekolahkan anak hingga menara gading - mereka tiada masa nak buat kerja tu semua, tapi saya rasa mereka dapat membuatnya - urus - kendalikan - luangkan - saya akan luang masa - dapat -
.,....I only just managed to finish on time
.......[+ to infinitive] Did you manage to get any bread?
........A small dog had somehow managed to survive the fire.
........MAINLY UK I'm afraid I can't manage the time (= I'm too busy) to see you at the moment.
..........Can you manage dinner on Saturday (= Will you be able to come to dinner)?
.......I can't manage all this work on my own.
........Don't worry about us - we'll manage
2 - [I] to succeed in living on a small amount of money:
.......After she lost her job, they had to manage on his salary.
represent -
merupakan - angka itu merupakan 1/3 dari KDNK negara. - mewakili - dia mewakili negara dalam sukan itu - melambangkan - mahkota itu melambangkan pemerintahan beraja - - mengambarkan - memegang peranan - dia pegang peranan watak jahat dalam drama itu - mengatakan - dia mengatakan dirinya layak - pendapat ini mewakili pendapat umum - peguam itu mewakili saya dalam perbicaraan hari ini- kami akan menyatakan idea2 kami -
represent
(ACT FOR) - verb [T]
1- to speak, act or be present officially for another person or people:
.....They chose a famous barrister to represent them in court.
......Union officials representing the teachers met the government today.
.......Women were well/poorly represented at the conference (= there were many/few present).
2 - to be the Member of Parliament, or of Congress, etc. for a particular area:
.....Mr Smythe represents Barnet.
3 FORMAL to express or complain about something, to a person in authority:
....We represented our grievances/demands to the boss.
represent (DESCRIBE)
verb [T]
.....This new report represents the current situation in our schools.
......He represents himself as an expert, but he knows nothing.
represent (BE)
verb [L only + noun] to be the result of something, or to be something:
.......This book represents ten years of thought and research.
........The new offer represented an increase of 10% on the previous one.
work out -
- kuruskan badan - excecise - dapat menyelesaikan - masalah ini tidak akan dapat diselesaikan - jadinya - seronok jika kita tengaok bagamana ianya terjadi - fahama - dia selalu moody, saya tak fahamlah - mencari penyelesaian - kerajaan sedang cari penyelesaian krisis ekonomi - mencipta [kaedah] - kami akan cipta kaedah baru untuk bahan ini -
work sth out (CALCULATE) phrasal verb [M]to do a calculation to get an answer to a mathematical question:
.....We need to work out the total cost of the project.
work out (EXERCISE) phrasal verb
to exercise in order to improve the strength or appearance of your body:
.....Huw works out in the gym two or three times a week.
Vocabulary from the programme
rural
to do with the countryside
a clash
a conflict, a situation where two things are very different from each other
Mandarin
the official language of China
more or less
This expression means 'about' or 'approximately'.
Example: She said she felt more or less the same as everyone else about the new timetable.
to be in tune with something
to be similar to something and combine well with it
inspiring
adjective - encouraging, or making you feel you want to do something: - sumber ilham - inspirasi - kata2 yg memberi inspirasi -
......She was an inspiring example to her followers.
BBC Learning English
People and Places
Xiaolu Guo
Amber:
Hello! Today, we meet a young and highly-successful Chinese writer and filmmaker, Xiaolu Guo. She talks about learning English, and about how she had fun trying to find the right kind of English for a character in her best-selling novel, A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers.
Xiaolu’s own life is a fascinating story. She grew up in a small ‘fishing village’ in rural China. (‘Rural’ means to do with the countryside.) Then, she went to study film in the huge city of Beijing. She describes this as a big ‘clash’ (a shock, or conflict). It was a very different experience from what she was used to as a young girl.
We’ll listen a couple of times to Xiaolu describing her early life. The first time, try to catch what made her time in Beijing a new and different experience.
Xiaolu Guo
I stayed in this fishing village until I was 18 and it’s a really rural village in the South East China Sea – it’s a fishing island. So that kind of life is a completely physical way of living. Every day is about (survival). So when I came to the film school in Beijing – it’s a very big art academy, and I studied there, I studied French cinema, European cinema, for 10 years. It
starts from a big clash because I couldn’t even speak Mandarin because in my village we speak local dialect. So in Beijing, I spoke Mandarin and I started to write poetry and make films. Every day, we discuss something but very far away from our life, for example, we would talk about Jean-Paul Sartre or American 1930s cinema, but I think I managed to write
novels, fictional stories, to represent that clash between a little person and that environment.
Amber:
So Xiaolu says that living in Beijing was a shock for her because she couldn’t even speak the language, Mandarin, and that she and her fellow students would talk about subjects that were far removed, or ‘far away from’ their lives – subjects like the French existentialist writer Jean-Paul Sartre, or American 1930s cinema!
Listen again and notice Xiaolu explains how her life gave her a subject to write about in her novels! She says her stories could ‘represent’ the clash she was experiencing as ‘a little person’ in a strange, new place, or ‘environment’.
Xiaolu Guo
I stayed in this fishing village until I was 18 and it’s a really rural village in the South East China Sea – it’s a fishing island. So that kind of life is a completely physical way of living. Every day is about (survival). So when I came to the film school in Beijing – it’s a very big art academy, and I studied there, I studied French cinema, European cinema, for 10 years. It
starts from a big clash because I couldn’t even speak Mandarin because in my village we speak local dialect. So in Beijing, I spoke Mandarin and I started to write poetry and make films. Every day, we discuss something but very far away from our life, for example, we would talk about Jean-Paul Sartre or American 1930s cinema, but I think I managed to write novels, fictional stories, to represent that clash between a little person and that environment.
Amber:
But it didn’t stop there. Xiaolu left China five years ago and moved to London. She didn’t know very much English. But, only last year, her first novel in English, A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers, was short listed for a major literary prize, the Orange Prize for Fiction!
She explains that she wanted to write the book in a kind of broken English to show that the character was learning to understand a strange, new place. But, she says it was really fun to write. Can you work out why?
Xiaolu Guo
I want to use this kind of foreigner’s, strange English to represent that character come from another nation, (she tries) to plug herself in and to communicate with this big room … It was a difficult novel to write but it was also the most fun of what I have ever written in my life, I think, linguistically. I had great fun with the linguistic side which I was using my second language, which I only started to speak during my writing. So in a way, it’s a kind of easy process I should say, because it took 3 years to finish that novel. In my third year, my English more or less resembled the character in my book - she could speak nearly, nearly fluent English. And in the end of the book, she speaks English after 3 years of living in England. So that was kind of in tune with my own personal life.
Amber:
Xiaolu says she had great fun with the linguistic side of her first novel in
English because the character’s story was ‘in tune with my own personal life’ – if something is in tune with something else, it means is very similar. So as Xiaolu’s English improved, so did the English spoken by her character! Well, we hope you find Xiaolu’s story inspiring – perhaps YOU could write a best-selling novel in English! Why not try?
rural
adjective - in, of or like the countryside: - luar bandar - mereka tinggal terpencil diluar bandar - kawasan2 luar bandar
......The area is still very rural and undeveloped.
Compare urban
clash
noun1 [C] a fight or argument between people - pertelingkahan - pertelingkahan sering berlaku antara 2 pemimpin - pertembungan - ada pertembungan dalam jadual - pertentangan personality - tidak kena- percanggahan -
......Rioters hurled rocks and petrol bombs in clashes with police at the weekend.
.....There were violent clashes between the police and demonstrators in the city centre.
2- [C usually singular] a situation in which people's opinions or qualities are very different from and opposed to each other:
....a clash of opinions/loyalties/personalities
clash (NOT ATTRACTIVE)
verb [I not continuous] If colours or styles clash, they look ugly or wrong together:
......I like red and orange together, though lots of people think they clash
more or less
lebih kurang - perbelanjaan perkahwinannya lebih kurang 5000
1- mostly:The project was more or less a success.
2 - approximately:.....It's 500 kilos, more or less.
3 very nearly:He more or less admitted he'd done it.
tune (UNDERSTANDING)
be in/out of tune with sb/sth
If you are in tune with people or ideas, you understand or agree with them, and if you are out of tune with them, you do not: - secocok - sesuai - muzik itu nampak secucuk dengan perasaannya - perempuan muda yang secucuk dgn zaman hidupnya -==- berbunyi sumbang - dia selalu menyanyi sumbang - dia rasa sudah tidak secocok dgn kelas itu -
.......Much of his success comes from being in tune with what his customers want.
.......Her theories were out of tune with the scientific thinking of the time.
survival noun
- 1 [U] when a person, organization, etc. continues to live or exist: - hidup - pesakit itu cedera parah, dia boleh hidup terus diragui - kewujudannnya - kami sedang berjuang untuk kewujudan demokrasi dalam dunia - bertahan - kamu mesti diplomatik utk bertahan dalam politik...
.....The doctors told my wife I had a 50/50 chance of survival.
.......His main concern is to ensure his own political survival.
.......England are fighting for survival (= trying not to be defeated) in the match.
2- [C] something that has continued to exist from a previous time:......Most of these traditions are survivals from earlier times.
survival
adjective -
.....We all have a strong survival instinct.
......The survival rate for people who have this form of cancer is now more than 90%.
manage (SUCCEED) verb
1- [I or T] to succeed in doing something, especially something difficult: - kerja banyak, tapi walaumacamanapun saya akan usahakan - dapat [hidup] - dia dapat hidup senang dgn gaji kerani - dapat [ berjaya] - walau dia miskin - dia dapat menyekolahkan anak hingga menara gading - mereka tiada masa nak buat kerja tu semua, tapi saya rasa mereka dapat membuatnya - urus - kendalikan - luangkan - saya akan luang masa - dapat -
.,....I only just managed to finish on time
.......[+ to infinitive] Did you manage to get any bread?
........A small dog had somehow managed to survive the fire.
........MAINLY UK I'm afraid I can't manage the time (= I'm too busy) to see you at the moment.
..........Can you manage dinner on Saturday (= Will you be able to come to dinner)?
.......I can't manage all this work on my own.
........Don't worry about us - we'll manage
2 - [I] to succeed in living on a small amount of money:
.......After she lost her job, they had to manage on his salary.
represent -
merupakan - angka itu merupakan 1/3 dari KDNK negara. - mewakili - dia mewakili negara dalam sukan itu - melambangkan - mahkota itu melambangkan pemerintahan beraja - - mengambarkan - memegang peranan - dia pegang peranan watak jahat dalam drama itu - mengatakan - dia mengatakan dirinya layak - pendapat ini mewakili pendapat umum - peguam itu mewakili saya dalam perbicaraan hari ini- kami akan menyatakan idea2 kami -
represent
(ACT FOR) - verb [T]
1- to speak, act or be present officially for another person or people:
.....They chose a famous barrister to represent them in court.
......Union officials representing the teachers met the government today.
.......Women were well/poorly represented at the conference (= there were many/few present).
2 - to be the Member of Parliament, or of Congress, etc. for a particular area:
.....Mr Smythe represents Barnet.
3 FORMAL to express or complain about something, to a person in authority:
....We represented our grievances/demands to the boss.
represent (DESCRIBE)
verb [T]
.....This new report represents the current situation in our schools.
......He represents himself as an expert, but he knows nothing.
represent (BE)
verb [L only + noun] to be the result of something, or to be something:
.......This book represents ten years of thought and research.
........The new offer represented an increase of 10% on the previous one.
work out -
- kuruskan badan - excecise - dapat menyelesaikan - masalah ini tidak akan dapat diselesaikan - jadinya - seronok jika kita tengaok bagamana ianya terjadi - fahama - dia selalu moody, saya tak fahamlah - mencari penyelesaian - kerajaan sedang cari penyelesaian krisis ekonomi - mencipta [kaedah] - kami akan cipta kaedah baru untuk bahan ini -
work sth out (CALCULATE) phrasal verb [M]to do a calculation to get an answer to a mathematical question:
.....We need to work out the total cost of the project.
work out (EXERCISE) phrasal verb
to exercise in order to improve the strength or appearance of your body:
.....Huw works out in the gym two or three times a week.
Vocabulary from the programme
rural
to do with the countryside
a clash
a conflict, a situation where two things are very different from each other
Mandarin
the official language of China
more or less
This expression means 'about' or 'approximately'.
Example: She said she felt more or less the same as everyone else about the new timetable.
to be in tune with something
to be similar to something and combine well with it
inspiring
adjective - encouraging, or making you feel you want to do something: - sumber ilham - inspirasi - kata2 yg memberi inspirasi -
......She was an inspiring example to her followers.
BBC Learning English
People and Places
Xiaolu Guo
Amber:
Hello! Today, we meet a young and highly-successful Chinese writer and filmmaker, Xiaolu Guo. She talks about learning English, and about how she had fun trying to find the right kind of English for a character in her best-selling novel, A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers.
Xiaolu’s own life is a fascinating story. She grew up in a small ‘fishing village’ in rural China. (‘Rural’ means to do with the countryside.) Then, she went to study film in the huge city of Beijing. She describes this as a big ‘clash’ (a shock, or conflict). It was a very different experience from what she was used to as a young girl.
We’ll listen a couple of times to Xiaolu describing her early life. The first time, try to catch what made her time in Beijing a new and different experience.
Xiaolu Guo
I stayed in this fishing village until I was 18 and it’s a really rural village in the South East China Sea – it’s a fishing island. So that kind of life is a completely physical way of living. Every day is about (survival). So when I came to the film school in Beijing – it’s a very big art academy, and I studied there, I studied French cinema, European cinema, for 10 years. It
starts from a big clash because I couldn’t even speak Mandarin because in my village we speak local dialect. So in Beijing, I spoke Mandarin and I started to write poetry and make films. Every day, we discuss something but very far away from our life, for example, we would talk about Jean-Paul Sartre or American 1930s cinema, but I think I managed to write
novels, fictional stories, to represent that clash between a little person and that environment.
Amber:
So Xiaolu says that living in Beijing was a shock for her because she couldn’t even speak the language, Mandarin, and that she and her fellow students would talk about subjects that were far removed, or ‘far away from’ their lives – subjects like the French existentialist writer Jean-Paul Sartre, or American 1930s cinema!
Listen again and notice Xiaolu explains how her life gave her a subject to write about in her novels! She says her stories could ‘represent’ the clash she was experiencing as ‘a little person’ in a strange, new place, or ‘environment’.
Xiaolu Guo
I stayed in this fishing village until I was 18 and it’s a really rural village in the South East China Sea – it’s a fishing island. So that kind of life is a completely physical way of living. Every day is about (survival). So when I came to the film school in Beijing – it’s a very big art academy, and I studied there, I studied French cinema, European cinema, for 10 years. It
starts from a big clash because I couldn’t even speak Mandarin because in my village we speak local dialect. So in Beijing, I spoke Mandarin and I started to write poetry and make films. Every day, we discuss something but very far away from our life, for example, we would talk about Jean-Paul Sartre or American 1930s cinema, but I think I managed to write novels, fictional stories, to represent that clash between a little person and that environment.
Amber:
But it didn’t stop there. Xiaolu left China five years ago and moved to London. She didn’t know very much English. But, only last year, her first novel in English, A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers, was short listed for a major literary prize, the Orange Prize for Fiction!
She explains that she wanted to write the book in a kind of broken English to show that the character was learning to understand a strange, new place. But, she says it was really fun to write. Can you work out why?
Xiaolu Guo
I want to use this kind of foreigner’s, strange English to represent that character come from another nation, (she tries) to plug herself in and to communicate with this big room … It was a difficult novel to write but it was also the most fun of what I have ever written in my life, I think, linguistically. I had great fun with the linguistic side which I was using my second language, which I only started to speak during my writing. So in a way, it’s a kind of easy process I should say, because it took 3 years to finish that novel. In my third year, my English more or less resembled the character in my book - she could speak nearly, nearly fluent English. And in the end of the book, she speaks English after 3 years of living in England. So that was kind of in tune with my own personal life.
Amber:
Xiaolu says she had great fun with the linguistic side of her first novel in
English because the character’s story was ‘in tune with my own personal life’ – if something is in tune with something else, it means is very similar. So as Xiaolu’s English improved, so did the English spoken by her character! Well, we hope you find Xiaolu’s story inspiring – perhaps YOU could write a best-selling novel in English! Why not try?
Words and politics -BBC Learning English
BBC Learning English
People and Places
Doug:
Hello, and welcome to People and Places. I want to talk about politicians and the words they use. This year we have heard from politicians who want to be the President of the United States. For one of the political parties – the Democrats – there have been two main candidates – Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.
There have been lots of speeches and lots of interviews from both of them - both of them want to be the most popular candidate. Now a candidate wants to say ‘vote for me’, ‘vote for me’, but you’ve got say more than that.
Listen to this bit of an interview from Hillary. She’ll say that she has a proventrack record. This means that people can already see what she can do. And listen – how many times does she say the word change.
Hillary
I have a proven track record of creating change for people and I think that that’s what the country needs. It’s not a choice between experience or change. I have the experience we need to make the changes we want.
Doug:
Hillary Clinton – and how many times did she say the word change – three times! But it’s a powerful word – change – it’s a very attractive word – a word that is very popular with politicians.
In fact Barack Obama has probably used this word the most – it has even been in his slogan. Every politician has slogans. It’s a sentence or just a few words that are very, very powerful. One of Obama’s slogans is “Change We Can Believe in” - “ Change we can believe in”.
But no politician can own a word. Hillary uses the word change as well but she also uses another popular word for politicians. Listen again to her interview. She uses the word change but what other word?
Hillary
I have a proven track record of creating change for people and I think that’s what the country needs. It’s not a choice between experience or change. I have the experience we need to make the changes we want.
Doug:
So in that short bit of the interview we heard the word change 3 times followed by the word experience – yes experience. She says – I have the experience we need to make the changes we want. (Hey, that sounds pretty good – perhaps I should be apolitician.)
Well let’s hear another slogan from Obama. He doesn’t use the word change this time. He was speaking to his supporters in February. Can you hear the slogan in this speech? And how will you know when you have heard the slogan – you will always hear cheering – Yeah!
Obama
There is one thing on this February night that we do not need the final result to know – our time has come CHEERING.
Doug:
Yes, there was the slogan – our time has come. You heard the cheering after it. What does that mean? Well, it’s an expression that means…we will now get what we have waited for. Our time has come!
Obama
Our time has come! CHEERING.
Doug:
Politicians – they love to use powerful words – moving words. Words like hope or challenge or change. The next time you hear a politician, listen for those moving words.
Hillary
I have a proven track record of creating change for people and I think that’s what the country needs. It’s not a choice between experience or change. I have the experience we need to make the changes we want.
Obama
Our time has come! CHEERING.
Doug:
You can download today’s script and find out more about today’s vocabulary at the People and Places website on BBC Learning English.com. Goodbye.
People and Places
Doug:
Hello, and welcome to People and Places. I want to talk about politicians and the words they use. This year we have heard from politicians who want to be the President of the United States. For one of the political parties – the Democrats – there have been two main candidates – Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.
There have been lots of speeches and lots of interviews from both of them - both of them want to be the most popular candidate. Now a candidate wants to say ‘vote for me’, ‘vote for me’, but you’ve got say more than that.
Listen to this bit of an interview from Hillary. She’ll say that she has a proventrack record. This means that people can already see what she can do. And listen – how many times does she say the word change.
Hillary
I have a proven track record of creating change for people and I think that that’s what the country needs. It’s not a choice between experience or change. I have the experience we need to make the changes we want.
Doug:
Hillary Clinton – and how many times did she say the word change – three times! But it’s a powerful word – change – it’s a very attractive word – a word that is very popular with politicians.
In fact Barack Obama has probably used this word the most – it has even been in his slogan. Every politician has slogans. It’s a sentence or just a few words that are very, very powerful. One of Obama’s slogans is “Change We Can Believe in” - “ Change we can believe in”.
But no politician can own a word. Hillary uses the word change as well but she also uses another popular word for politicians. Listen again to her interview. She uses the word change but what other word?
Hillary
I have a proven track record of creating change for people and I think that’s what the country needs. It’s not a choice between experience or change. I have the experience we need to make the changes we want.
Doug:
So in that short bit of the interview we heard the word change 3 times followed by the word experience – yes experience. She says – I have the experience we need to make the changes we want. (Hey, that sounds pretty good – perhaps I should be apolitician.)
Well let’s hear another slogan from Obama. He doesn’t use the word change this time. He was speaking to his supporters in February. Can you hear the slogan in this speech? And how will you know when you have heard the slogan – you will always hear cheering – Yeah!
Obama
There is one thing on this February night that we do not need the final result to know – our time has come CHEERING.
Doug:
Yes, there was the slogan – our time has come. You heard the cheering after it. What does that mean? Well, it’s an expression that means…we will now get what we have waited for. Our time has come!
Obama
Our time has come! CHEERING.
Doug:
Politicians – they love to use powerful words – moving words. Words like hope or challenge or change. The next time you hear a politician, listen for those moving words.
Hillary
I have a proven track record of creating change for people and I think that’s what the country needs. It’s not a choice between experience or change. I have the experience we need to make the changes we want.
Obama
Our time has come! CHEERING.
Doug:
You can download today’s script and find out more about today’s vocabulary at the People and Places website on BBC Learning English.com. Goodbye.
Pandangan umum tentang penyelidikan kualitatif
Penyelidikan kualitatif digunakan untuk mengkaji suasana atau proses yang sukar diukur dengan nombor seperti imej diri, tingkah laku atau perasaan ibu bapa apabila berhadapan dengan anak-anak yang nakal.
Contoh-contoh kajian seperti ini ialah bagaimana pelajar dewasa membahagikan keseimbangan antara kerja, keluarga dan pembelajaran, peranan kenaikan gaji terhadap produktiviti kakitangan kerajaan dan keberkesanan larangan kawasan merokok di kalangan pembantu am kesihatan di kawasan hospital.Penyelidikan kualitatif mempunyai lima jenis iaitu;
1. Fenomenologi
Ia berkaitan kajian terhadap sesuatu keadaan. Ianya mungkin dalam bentuk peristiwa, situasi, pengalaman atau konsep. Fenomena yang ada walaupun banyak, kita belum dapat memahaminya dengan lebih mendalam. Biasanya pengkaji berminat ingin memahami lebih mendalam mengenai tindak balas keseluruhan manusia dan memahami pengalaman individu.
2. Etnografi
Istilah ethnos adalah dari Greek yang bermaksud manusia, bangsa atau budaya. Graphy bererti penjelasan mengenai sesuatu. Justeru, etnografi merupakan sejenis kajian lapangan yang berbentuk pemerhatian yang sering digunakan dalam kajian sosiologi dan anthropologi. Ia berkait dengan keinginan pengkaji untuk memahami pengaruh budaya ke atas tingkah laku manusia dan kesihatan.Etnografi juga dianggap sebagai kajian paling asas dalam penyelidikan sosial. Ia juga merangkumi penjelasan bertulis mengenai sesuatu budaya tentang adat, kepercayaan, tingkah laku dan sebagainya.
3. Kajian Kes
Ia merupakan sejenis kajian untuk mengkaji dan menjelaskan satu kelompok yang kecil secara mendalam. Ia melibatkan pengumpulan maklumat yang ektensif untuk memahamkan sesuatu entiti yang dikaji sama ada individu, organisasi atau situasi di mana tingkah laku yang tidak dijangka atau tidak jelas dijadikan sebagai fokus kajian.Kajian kes memberikan penjelasan mendalam secara deskriptif dan penghuraian satu unit tertentu. Kajian ke atas individu boleh dipelbagaikan kepada kelompok seperti penagih dadah, eksekutif, remaja delikuen atau kumpulan etnik.Ciri-ciri kajian kes ialah ia dilakukan pada jangka masa panjang dan merangkumi keseluruhan tingkah laku yang berlaku dalam keadaan semula jadi. Jadi, ia dapat memberikan kefahaman yang mendalam.Di samping itu memberikan takrifan dari sudut emosi terhadap situasi yang dikaji. Jadi, ia memberikan ruang untuk pengembangan idea atau hipotesis yang hendak dikaji oleh penyelidik.
4. Analisis Naratif
Ia berdasarkan pada perkataan yang digunakan oleh pembeli maklumat untuk menjelaskan pengalaman responden. Analisis naratif tidak memberi perhatian yang ketara pada kuantiti subjek sebaliknya kepadatan maklumat atau fakta, pemerinciannya, interaksi yang terlibat yang mana mungkin terlepas pandang oleh orang lain.
5. Grounded Theory
Dua tokoh yang dikaitkan dengan kajian jenis ialah Glaser dan Strauss. Kaedah ini muncul daripada disiplin sosiologi dan sangat berguna untuk menerangkan jenis masalah yang wujud di dalam masyarakat dan proses seseorang untuk menanganinya. Kerapkali mereka berkongsi simbol dan makna-makna umum berkenaan dengan simbol berkenaan.
Dua buah buku yang menjadi rujukan penyelidikan kualitatif ialah "Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education" oleh Sharan B. Merriam, seorang profesor dalam pendidikan dewasa dan pengembangan di University of Georgia, Athens, Amerika Syarikat. Bidang tumpuan beliau ialah pendidikan dewasa, pembangunan dan pembelajaran dewasa dan kaedah penyelidikan kualitatif. Di Malaysia, beliau telah beberapa kali datang ke Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.
Buku kedua ialah "Qualitative Research for Education: An introduction to theory and methods" oleh Robert C. Bogdan dan Sari Knopp Biklen. Manakala buku tambahan yang boleh dijadikan rujukan ialah "Penyelidikan sains sosial: Pendekatan pragmatik" oleh Sabitha Marican.
Siri-siri artikel yang akan datang adalah berkaitan penyelidikan kualitatif yang semakin mendapat tempat di kalangan pelajar sarjana, masters dan PhD.
Contoh-contoh kajian seperti ini ialah bagaimana pelajar dewasa membahagikan keseimbangan antara kerja, keluarga dan pembelajaran, peranan kenaikan gaji terhadap produktiviti kakitangan kerajaan dan keberkesanan larangan kawasan merokok di kalangan pembantu am kesihatan di kawasan hospital.Penyelidikan kualitatif mempunyai lima jenis iaitu;
1. Fenomenologi
Ia berkaitan kajian terhadap sesuatu keadaan. Ianya mungkin dalam bentuk peristiwa, situasi, pengalaman atau konsep. Fenomena yang ada walaupun banyak, kita belum dapat memahaminya dengan lebih mendalam. Biasanya pengkaji berminat ingin memahami lebih mendalam mengenai tindak balas keseluruhan manusia dan memahami pengalaman individu.
2. Etnografi
Istilah ethnos adalah dari Greek yang bermaksud manusia, bangsa atau budaya. Graphy bererti penjelasan mengenai sesuatu. Justeru, etnografi merupakan sejenis kajian lapangan yang berbentuk pemerhatian yang sering digunakan dalam kajian sosiologi dan anthropologi. Ia berkait dengan keinginan pengkaji untuk memahami pengaruh budaya ke atas tingkah laku manusia dan kesihatan.Etnografi juga dianggap sebagai kajian paling asas dalam penyelidikan sosial. Ia juga merangkumi penjelasan bertulis mengenai sesuatu budaya tentang adat, kepercayaan, tingkah laku dan sebagainya.
3. Kajian Kes
Ia merupakan sejenis kajian untuk mengkaji dan menjelaskan satu kelompok yang kecil secara mendalam. Ia melibatkan pengumpulan maklumat yang ektensif untuk memahamkan sesuatu entiti yang dikaji sama ada individu, organisasi atau situasi di mana tingkah laku yang tidak dijangka atau tidak jelas dijadikan sebagai fokus kajian.Kajian kes memberikan penjelasan mendalam secara deskriptif dan penghuraian satu unit tertentu. Kajian ke atas individu boleh dipelbagaikan kepada kelompok seperti penagih dadah, eksekutif, remaja delikuen atau kumpulan etnik.Ciri-ciri kajian kes ialah ia dilakukan pada jangka masa panjang dan merangkumi keseluruhan tingkah laku yang berlaku dalam keadaan semula jadi. Jadi, ia dapat memberikan kefahaman yang mendalam.Di samping itu memberikan takrifan dari sudut emosi terhadap situasi yang dikaji. Jadi, ia memberikan ruang untuk pengembangan idea atau hipotesis yang hendak dikaji oleh penyelidik.
4. Analisis Naratif
Ia berdasarkan pada perkataan yang digunakan oleh pembeli maklumat untuk menjelaskan pengalaman responden. Analisis naratif tidak memberi perhatian yang ketara pada kuantiti subjek sebaliknya kepadatan maklumat atau fakta, pemerinciannya, interaksi yang terlibat yang mana mungkin terlepas pandang oleh orang lain.
5. Grounded Theory
Dua tokoh yang dikaitkan dengan kajian jenis ialah Glaser dan Strauss. Kaedah ini muncul daripada disiplin sosiologi dan sangat berguna untuk menerangkan jenis masalah yang wujud di dalam masyarakat dan proses seseorang untuk menanganinya. Kerapkali mereka berkongsi simbol dan makna-makna umum berkenaan dengan simbol berkenaan.
Dua buah buku yang menjadi rujukan penyelidikan kualitatif ialah "Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education" oleh Sharan B. Merriam, seorang profesor dalam pendidikan dewasa dan pengembangan di University of Georgia, Athens, Amerika Syarikat. Bidang tumpuan beliau ialah pendidikan dewasa, pembangunan dan pembelajaran dewasa dan kaedah penyelidikan kualitatif. Di Malaysia, beliau telah beberapa kali datang ke Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.
Buku kedua ialah "Qualitative Research for Education: An introduction to theory and methods" oleh Robert C. Bogdan dan Sari Knopp Biklen. Manakala buku tambahan yang boleh dijadikan rujukan ialah "Penyelidikan sains sosial: Pendekatan pragmatik" oleh Sabitha Marican.
Siri-siri artikel yang akan datang adalah berkaitan penyelidikan kualitatif yang semakin mendapat tempat di kalangan pelajar sarjana, masters dan PhD.
Vocabulary 001
de facto Show phoneticsadjective [before noun], adverb FORMALexisting in fact, although not necessarily intended, legal or accepted:The city is rapidly becoming the de facto centre of the financial world.He's her de facto husband though they're not actually married.English is de facto the common language of much of the world today.If it is on British soil then it is de facto British.Compare de jure.de facto Show phoneticsnoun [C] AUSTRALIAN ENGLISHa person with whom someone lives as a wife or a husband, although they are not married:They've invited Joanne and her de facto for lunch on Sunday.
rubber-stamp (APPROVE) pak turut Show phoneticsverb [T] DISAPPROVINGto officially approve a decision or plan without thinking about it:The boss makes the decisions and the committee just rubber-stamps them.
rubber-stamp (APPROVE) pak turut Show phoneticsverb [T] DISAPPROVINGto officially approve a decision or plan without thinking about it:The boss makes the decisions and the committee just rubber-stamps them.
Thursday, 22 January 2009
Couples of Covering Letter
Date
Maxwell JonesGanco Engineering4567 Main StreetYokomo, IL 99999
Dear Mr. Jones:
Recently, I completed a cooperative experience with an engineering firm in Northern California where I was given the responsibility of managing a small project. I am looking for the opportunity to perform in this capacity for Ganco Engineering. I believe my background and experience will help me be an asset to your company in a very short time.
I have conducted survey and mapping assignments, participated in soil mechanics and foundation formation, and performed preliminary structural analysis and design for a grocery store. I was given the responsibility of producing a general lay-out for a new transportation system. I first surveyed the area, produced a traffic analysis and survey, researched city rules and regulations for compliance, and wrote a twenty-five page report depicting the feasibility of building a new freeway off-ramp. My mathematical skills are excellent and I am very conscientious about meeting deadlines and completing tasks unsupervised. If given the opportunity to accomplish an assignment, I can develop a plan that will meet the needs of the project.
I am very interested in becoming a part of this project after reading your company brochure and an article in the Civil Engineering Journal about your company’s involvement in building a new mall in the area. I can be reached at the address and phone number below. I’ll be calling your office within ten days to inquire on the status of my application. I look forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely,
Marilyn Appleton12300 Hilltop DriveMantana, CA 99444(919) 345-5566
-------------
Date
Mary RiderGottschalks1122 Chalk Blvd.Los Angeles, CA
Dear Ms. Rider:
The World Review Newspaper is currently running your ad for a Junior Accountant to service a small accounting department within Gottschalks. You will find my background and experience directly applicable to your accounting needs and I have enclosed my resume for your review.
Over the years, I have developed and completed three (3) internships in accounting departments in Northern and Southern California. In the last internship, I developed an efficient accounting information system for a small manufacturer. In order to develop this system, I performed a cost analysis and constructed a budget using an IBM Mainframe and Macintosh Personal Computer. In my first internship, I performed all aspects of a major audit under extremely short deadlines. Basic accounting principles come easy to me and I am extremely accurate in all my transactions.
Please contact me at the address and phone number below. I look forward to hearing from you. I am geographically mobile and am willing to begin employment immediately. Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,
Randy Ohlway1123 Hoffer Ave.Chico, CA 95926 (916) 343-5678
...........................
Date
Jay JonesArea ManagerHeublein, Inc.816 Atlantic Avenue, Suite 10Alameda, CA. 94501
Dear Mr. Jones:
I have been encouraged by Jack Quick, Placement Officer at California State University, Chico, to contact you concerning your opening for a Sales Representative. After reviewing your company brochure, I am confident that I can be an asset to your company and would appreciate your reviewing the enclosed resume that depicts my sales characteristics and skills.
Accepting challenges is the foundation of my life experiences and something I do with confidence. You will find me a totally committed individual with pride in being direct, spontaneous and communicative. I can maintain records, perform numerical calculations with accuracy and I need little direction to complete assigned tasks. These are the qualities that make an excellent Sales Representative.
From past experiences and education, I have acquired persuasive techniques that are needed to influence students, parents and customers in making choices. My leadership skills are developed and have allowed me to spontaneously interact with ethnic diverse populations and all age groups. I am a motivator and organizer and these skills have enabled me to effectively defuse problem situations with customers using tact, thus creating a long-term client base. Teamwork is another skill I have acquired and one I know is necessary for organizational cohesiveness. Over the years, I have had to establish daily operational bases for projects/programs and provide the direction to insure the progress and deadline were met.
I will appreciate the opportunity to meet and further discuss my qualifications and your sales position. I will be contacting your office to follow up on this letter around the first week in August. Looking for forward to hearing from you. Thank you in advance for your consideration.
Sincerely,
Martina Morelli3433 Michelin RoadChico, CA 95928(916) 324-2020
...........................
Date
Stockton City Chamber of CommerceRuth Manning, Director1122 Rodney AvenueStockton, CA 95443
Dear Ms. Manning:
I am in the process of canvassing the community for a position that will allow me to provide customer service and develop informational materials for the general public. If your agency is currently looking for an individual well versed in public contact who has a solid track record for compiling promotional information, please review the enclosed resume.
Over the past 5 years, I have been giving public speeches, designing flyers and brochures for agencies, and interacting with the general public. My skills in customer service are excellent and I can handle customer problems in a tactful manner. You’ll find my communication skills well above average and I have had the opportunity to interact with very diverse populations and individuals of all ages. I can interview with business clients to gather facts and put these facts into written materials; interpret rules, regulations and policies; plus function positively as part of a team. You can trust me to work unsupervised, meet deadlines, and develop creative ideas that will make a difference in services rendered to the general public.
Working with the general public is my goal and your organization will provide me with just the opportunity. I would like to request a personal interview to further discuss my qualifications and your organization and the services it provides. I can be reached at the address and phone below.
Sincerely,
Lana Sullivan12445 Mountain Ridge DriveMountain Ridge, CA 95446(916) 545-3998
..............................................
BILL J. DOE 942 Sunset CircleHampton, Virginia 84217(555) 555-0000
Dear Employer:
In response to your advertisement regarding the safety/loss control position in your organization I am enclosing a resume for your review. Please consider this letter as my formal application presenting my background, education and experience.
I have over 8 years experience in the Health and Safety field; and I am well versed in the areas of Health and Safety issues in conjunction with state and federal guidelines.
I have considerable experience in dealing with insurance claims and litigation; and a thorough knowledge of the process and procedures of the corporate environment. I work well with people and enjoy getting the work at hand completed.
Below is a list of agencies I have extensive consulting experience with:
Virginia Workers Compensation Commission -- Environmental Protection Agency -- Occupational Health and Safety Administration -- Department of Transportation -- Virginia Natural Resources Conservation Commission -- Federal Aviation Administration
May I arrange an interview to further discuss my qualifications? I am available for an interview at a mutually convenient time.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Salary History:Planned Health Care, Inc. $38,000.00Jonet Group, Inc. $25,750.00City of Millington $18,000.00
Sincerely,
Bill J. Doe
Encl.
.................
Salley Kooman1 Diamond StreetLos Angeles, CA 90012
October 31, 2002
Ted Schenkel, Recruiting CoordinatorWest Coast Partners7 Main St., 43 FloorLos Angeles, CA 90015
Dear Mr. Schenkel:I am a senior at California University majoring in English, and I am extremely interested in position with West Coast Partners upon graduation.Consulting is definitely the career I want to pursue. Work on my dissertation to this point has involved extensive research, hypothesis formulation, hours of analysis, and team collaboration with my mentor; this process is not unlike the consulting project cycle. In addition, my elective coursework in microeconomics has increased my interest and honed my skills in the business arena. A series of conversations with consultants at various firms - especially West Coast Partners - has confirmed that consulting is the right career for me.West Coast Partners appeals to me for a number of reasons. I am extremely interested in the life sciences and telecom industries, and West Coast Partners is particularly strong in those industries. I am also drawn to the small size of the firm, as I feel it would create more immediate opportunities for leadership and a strong community environment. Finally, I have been incredibly impressed with all of the consultants I've spoken with from your firm; each person is bright yet humble, passionate yet and good-natured. I would be thrilled to join your firm.I have enclosed my resume for your review. I very much appreciate your time and consideration, and I hope to hear from your team in the near future.
Sincerely, Salley Kooman
....................
January 30, 2005
Mr. Smith - Dir. of Human ResourcesRaymond Kate Associates524 Fair Lane StreetAny City, State 78194
Dear Mr. Smith:
I am responding to your advertisement in The City Tribune (dated 1/20/00), regarding the Pharmaceutical Representative position. Please regard this letter as my formal application. Enclosed is my resume showing my education, experience, and background.
I have over 7 years experience in the sales and marketing field, and 3 years experience as an LPN staff nurse.
Throughout my sales and marketing career I won top sales awards, and trained other sales representatives specific sales techniques to increase their sales. I enjoy working with the public, as well, demonstrating products, and educating others in their uses. I believe I would excel in pharmaceutical sales because I truly find sales a challenging and rewarding career; as well, my nursing background offers an advantage in better understanding the products I would sell.
May I arrange an interview to further discuss my qualifications? I am available for an interview at a mutually convenient time.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely,
Sally B. Doe
Encl.
.............
Katherine Jaynes935 W 43rd St., #5CNew York, NY? 10036
October 15, 2002Human ResourcesBrahmin Entertainment10 Fourth AvenueNew York, NY 10001
Good morning:
I am actively seeking an executive assistant opportunity in a demanding, fast-paced multi-tasking office. My four years of executive experience at Lambert Warner have equipped me with a multitude of skills, and I would like to continue my growth at Brahmin Entertainment.
Throughout my career I have demonstrated for my employers an exceptional facility for meeting organizational objectives and demands. In addition to my secretarial skills, I am an adept event planner, having served as the director of the Lambert Warner Christmas Ball for the last two years. My skills as a hostess have often been utilized by employers; I was the only executive assistant entrusted with client greeting, tour leading, and other hospitality services. I am certain I would prove to be an asset at Brahmin Entertainment as well.
If my abilities meet the needs of Brahmin Entertainment, I would greatly appreciate the opportunity of speaking with you personally at your earliest convenience. Thank you for your time.
Sincerely,Katherine Jaynes
Maxwell JonesGanco Engineering4567 Main StreetYokomo, IL 99999
Dear Mr. Jones:
Recently, I completed a cooperative experience with an engineering firm in Northern California where I was given the responsibility of managing a small project. I am looking for the opportunity to perform in this capacity for Ganco Engineering. I believe my background and experience will help me be an asset to your company in a very short time.
I have conducted survey and mapping assignments, participated in soil mechanics and foundation formation, and performed preliminary structural analysis and design for a grocery store. I was given the responsibility of producing a general lay-out for a new transportation system. I first surveyed the area, produced a traffic analysis and survey, researched city rules and regulations for compliance, and wrote a twenty-five page report depicting the feasibility of building a new freeway off-ramp. My mathematical skills are excellent and I am very conscientious about meeting deadlines and completing tasks unsupervised. If given the opportunity to accomplish an assignment, I can develop a plan that will meet the needs of the project.
I am very interested in becoming a part of this project after reading your company brochure and an article in the Civil Engineering Journal about your company’s involvement in building a new mall in the area. I can be reached at the address and phone number below. I’ll be calling your office within ten days to inquire on the status of my application. I look forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely,
Marilyn Appleton12300 Hilltop DriveMantana, CA 99444(919) 345-5566
-------------
Date
Mary RiderGottschalks1122 Chalk Blvd.Los Angeles, CA
Dear Ms. Rider:
The World Review Newspaper is currently running your ad for a Junior Accountant to service a small accounting department within Gottschalks. You will find my background and experience directly applicable to your accounting needs and I have enclosed my resume for your review.
Over the years, I have developed and completed three (3) internships in accounting departments in Northern and Southern California. In the last internship, I developed an efficient accounting information system for a small manufacturer. In order to develop this system, I performed a cost analysis and constructed a budget using an IBM Mainframe and Macintosh Personal Computer. In my first internship, I performed all aspects of a major audit under extremely short deadlines. Basic accounting principles come easy to me and I am extremely accurate in all my transactions.
Please contact me at the address and phone number below. I look forward to hearing from you. I am geographically mobile and am willing to begin employment immediately. Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,
Randy Ohlway1123 Hoffer Ave.Chico, CA 95926 (916) 343-5678
...........................
Date
Jay JonesArea ManagerHeublein, Inc.816 Atlantic Avenue, Suite 10Alameda, CA. 94501
Dear Mr. Jones:
I have been encouraged by Jack Quick, Placement Officer at California State University, Chico, to contact you concerning your opening for a Sales Representative. After reviewing your company brochure, I am confident that I can be an asset to your company and would appreciate your reviewing the enclosed resume that depicts my sales characteristics and skills.
Accepting challenges is the foundation of my life experiences and something I do with confidence. You will find me a totally committed individual with pride in being direct, spontaneous and communicative. I can maintain records, perform numerical calculations with accuracy and I need little direction to complete assigned tasks. These are the qualities that make an excellent Sales Representative.
From past experiences and education, I have acquired persuasive techniques that are needed to influence students, parents and customers in making choices. My leadership skills are developed and have allowed me to spontaneously interact with ethnic diverse populations and all age groups. I am a motivator and organizer and these skills have enabled me to effectively defuse problem situations with customers using tact, thus creating a long-term client base. Teamwork is another skill I have acquired and one I know is necessary for organizational cohesiveness. Over the years, I have had to establish daily operational bases for projects/programs and provide the direction to insure the progress and deadline were met.
I will appreciate the opportunity to meet and further discuss my qualifications and your sales position. I will be contacting your office to follow up on this letter around the first week in August. Looking for forward to hearing from you. Thank you in advance for your consideration.
Sincerely,
Martina Morelli3433 Michelin RoadChico, CA 95928(916) 324-2020
...........................
Date
Stockton City Chamber of CommerceRuth Manning, Director1122 Rodney AvenueStockton, CA 95443
Dear Ms. Manning:
I am in the process of canvassing the community for a position that will allow me to provide customer service and develop informational materials for the general public. If your agency is currently looking for an individual well versed in public contact who has a solid track record for compiling promotional information, please review the enclosed resume.
Over the past 5 years, I have been giving public speeches, designing flyers and brochures for agencies, and interacting with the general public. My skills in customer service are excellent and I can handle customer problems in a tactful manner. You’ll find my communication skills well above average and I have had the opportunity to interact with very diverse populations and individuals of all ages. I can interview with business clients to gather facts and put these facts into written materials; interpret rules, regulations and policies; plus function positively as part of a team. You can trust me to work unsupervised, meet deadlines, and develop creative ideas that will make a difference in services rendered to the general public.
Working with the general public is my goal and your organization will provide me with just the opportunity. I would like to request a personal interview to further discuss my qualifications and your organization and the services it provides. I can be reached at the address and phone below.
Sincerely,
Lana Sullivan12445 Mountain Ridge DriveMountain Ridge, CA 95446(916) 545-3998
..............................................
BILL J. DOE 942 Sunset CircleHampton, Virginia 84217(555) 555-0000
Dear Employer:
In response to your advertisement regarding the safety/loss control position in your organization I am enclosing a resume for your review. Please consider this letter as my formal application presenting my background, education and experience.
I have over 8 years experience in the Health and Safety field; and I am well versed in the areas of Health and Safety issues in conjunction with state and federal guidelines.
I have considerable experience in dealing with insurance claims and litigation; and a thorough knowledge of the process and procedures of the corporate environment. I work well with people and enjoy getting the work at hand completed.
Below is a list of agencies I have extensive consulting experience with:
Virginia Workers Compensation Commission -- Environmental Protection Agency -- Occupational Health and Safety Administration -- Department of Transportation -- Virginia Natural Resources Conservation Commission -- Federal Aviation Administration
May I arrange an interview to further discuss my qualifications? I am available for an interview at a mutually convenient time.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Salary History:Planned Health Care, Inc. $38,000.00Jonet Group, Inc. $25,750.00City of Millington $18,000.00
Sincerely,
Bill J. Doe
Encl.
.................
Salley Kooman1 Diamond StreetLos Angeles, CA 90012
October 31, 2002
Ted Schenkel, Recruiting CoordinatorWest Coast Partners7 Main St., 43 FloorLos Angeles, CA 90015
Dear Mr. Schenkel:I am a senior at California University majoring in English, and I am extremely interested in position with West Coast Partners upon graduation.Consulting is definitely the career I want to pursue. Work on my dissertation to this point has involved extensive research, hypothesis formulation, hours of analysis, and team collaboration with my mentor; this process is not unlike the consulting project cycle. In addition, my elective coursework in microeconomics has increased my interest and honed my skills in the business arena. A series of conversations with consultants at various firms - especially West Coast Partners - has confirmed that consulting is the right career for me.West Coast Partners appeals to me for a number of reasons. I am extremely interested in the life sciences and telecom industries, and West Coast Partners is particularly strong in those industries. I am also drawn to the small size of the firm, as I feel it would create more immediate opportunities for leadership and a strong community environment. Finally, I have been incredibly impressed with all of the consultants I've spoken with from your firm; each person is bright yet humble, passionate yet and good-natured. I would be thrilled to join your firm.I have enclosed my resume for your review. I very much appreciate your time and consideration, and I hope to hear from your team in the near future.
Sincerely, Salley Kooman
....................
January 30, 2005
Mr. Smith - Dir. of Human ResourcesRaymond Kate Associates524 Fair Lane StreetAny City, State 78194
Dear Mr. Smith:
I am responding to your advertisement in The City Tribune (dated 1/20/00), regarding the Pharmaceutical Representative position. Please regard this letter as my formal application. Enclosed is my resume showing my education, experience, and background.
I have over 7 years experience in the sales and marketing field, and 3 years experience as an LPN staff nurse.
Throughout my sales and marketing career I won top sales awards, and trained other sales representatives specific sales techniques to increase their sales. I enjoy working with the public, as well, demonstrating products, and educating others in their uses. I believe I would excel in pharmaceutical sales because I truly find sales a challenging and rewarding career; as well, my nursing background offers an advantage in better understanding the products I would sell.
May I arrange an interview to further discuss my qualifications? I am available for an interview at a mutually convenient time.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely,
Sally B. Doe
Encl.
.............
Katherine Jaynes935 W 43rd St., #5CNew York, NY? 10036
October 15, 2002Human ResourcesBrahmin Entertainment10 Fourth AvenueNew York, NY 10001
Good morning:
I am actively seeking an executive assistant opportunity in a demanding, fast-paced multi-tasking office. My four years of executive experience at Lambert Warner have equipped me with a multitude of skills, and I would like to continue my growth at Brahmin Entertainment.
Throughout my career I have demonstrated for my employers an exceptional facility for meeting organizational objectives and demands. In addition to my secretarial skills, I am an adept event planner, having served as the director of the Lambert Warner Christmas Ball for the last two years. My skills as a hostess have often been utilized by employers; I was the only executive assistant entrusted with client greeting, tour leading, and other hospitality services. I am certain I would prove to be an asset at Brahmin Entertainment as well.
If my abilities meet the needs of Brahmin Entertainment, I would greatly appreciate the opportunity of speaking with you personally at your earliest convenience. Thank you for your time.
Sincerely,Katherine Jaynes
BBC Learning English - Road Trip - Cambridge story
Michael Beaumont:
Right, I'm Michael Beaumont, I'm the local butcher in Fulbourn. About nine years ago we had a supermarket come quite close to us and to sustain our butchery business, we've gone into cattle production.
We're just unlocking the gate to go onto the meadow, which is obviously behind the church at Teversham, which is quite close to Marshalls airport.
This is Nora… these are a pedigree herd of Limousin; a small herd I've just acquired. The people who had got them had got about three or four different little herds and they wanted to get rid of this one. So, I got this really as my 40th anniversary wedding present, but, er…, (my) wife said 'that's a bit different from the box of chocolates she was going to get me'
[laughter]… I think it came as a bit of a shock for her when I told her I'd actually bought them, but, no, she's accepted them and she likes them as much as I do.
Why we've survived is because we're doing something different to what the supermarkets are.
We can prove that all our… we've got full traceability on all these cattle. That they're all locally produced etcetera. So, it's a way forward for us as a small butcher's shop competing
with the big boys.
My parents were farmers and I was brought up on a farm and had a wonderful childhood on a farm, so, it's obviously virtually bred in you, you know. The idea was to sell as local as possible produce. With the shop we use somewhere between 80 and 90 bullocks a year and I'm very fortunate because, obviously, I produce quite a few of our own and I've got two or
three other little farms. One at Cottenham, another one in Fulbourn (that) my brother in law (runs), and one at Westborne Farm near Fulbourn Hospital.
With my agricultural college experience I was always interested in cattle and, in one way, the supermarket has done me a favour because it's letting me do something else I really like to do. I'm passionate about both; I'm passionate about how the animals are raised, what they're fed on, their welfare and also passionate about the meat I sell.
VOCUBULARY
sustain (MAINTAIN)
verb [T]
1- to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time: - mengekalkan - ekonomi dapat mengekalkan kadar pertumbuhan - memberi tenaga- dia tidak mempunyai makan yang memberi tenaga - menahan - menampung - tiang ini dapat menahan beban itu - pertahankan
......The economy looks set to sustain its growth into next year.
.......He seems to find it difficult to sustain relationships with women.
.......US The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection. - menerima - mahkamah menerima usul
2 - to keep alive:
.......The soil in this part of the world is not rich enough to sustain a large population.
meadow
noun [C or U]a field with grass and often wild flowers in it: - padang rumput - lembu2 meragut dipadang rumput
.......We walked through fields and meadows.
.......There was a path through the meadow to the village.
rid
adjective - terlepas daripada - dia gembira terlepas daripada tanggungjawab itu
1- be rid of sth/sb
to not now have an unwanted or unpleasant task, object or person:
.......I didn't enjoy marking those papers and I was glad to be rid of them.
2 get rid of sth
.....to remove or throw away something unwanted:b-
mengelakkan daripada - dia selalu menalipon saya sehingga saya tidak dapat mengelak daripadanya - jauhkan diri - jauhakan diri dari penjual itu - membuang - saya hendak buang buku2 lama itu - menghapuskan - kami dapat menghapuskan tikus2 itu - menghilangkan - cuti betul2 tangan hingga menghilangkan kekotoran -
.....That cream got rid of my skin rash.
......I used weedkiller to get rid of the weeds in the garden.
3 get rid of sth to sell an old or unwanted possession:.....Have you managed to get rid of your old Volvo yet?
survive
verb
1- [I or T] to continue to live or exist, especially after coming close to dying or being destroyed or after being in a difficult or threatening situation - hidup - bayi itu sudah dianggap tidak dapat hidup lama lagi - wujud - adat itu masih wujud lagi - bertahan - jadilah diplomatik jika mahu bertahan lama dalam politik - terselamat - mereka terselamat dalam kejadian bot karam - kedai ini dapat bertahan lama - isterinya hidup lebih tahan lama-
......These plants cannot survive in very cold conditions
.....The family are struggling to survive on very little money. - hidup- dia dapat gaji hanya untuk terus hidup
......"How are you?" "Oh, (I'm) surviving (= life is satisfactory, but not very good)." -
traceable
adjective - possible to trace:
........In theory, most telephone calls should be traceable.
......His medical problems were shown to be traceable to (= to have been caused by) his having been exposed to dangerous chemicals.
et cetera
SPECIALIZED ABBREVIATION FOR et alia: and others.
It is used in formal writing to avoid a long list of names of people who have written something together:
.....The method is described in an article by Feynman et al.
breed
verb bred, bred - berkembang biak - membiak - nyamuk membiak dalam air - menjadi2 - jenayah menjadi2 - didik - membesarkan - mengasih - dia dilahirkan dan dibesarkan sbg lelaki orang bersopan santun - dia dibesarkan dalam tradisi lama
1- [I or T] to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way, or (of animals) to have sex and reproduce:
.......Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
.......The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
.....His main income comes from breeding cattle.
.......The family's business was horse-breeding. - noun - pembiakan
..........We used to keep pigs for breeding purposes.
...........The penguins' breeding season has begun.
See also inbred (ESTABLISHED); inbred (RELATED); purebred; thoroughbred; well-bred.
2 - [T] to cause something to happen, usually something bad: menjadi2
.....Favouritism breeds resentment.
Right, I'm Michael Beaumont, I'm the local butcher in Fulbourn. About nine years ago we had a supermarket come quite close to us and to sustain our butchery business, we've gone into cattle production.
We're just unlocking the gate to go onto the meadow, which is obviously behind the church at Teversham, which is quite close to Marshalls airport.
This is Nora… these are a pedigree herd of Limousin; a small herd I've just acquired. The people who had got them had got about three or four different little herds and they wanted to get rid of this one. So, I got this really as my 40th anniversary wedding present, but, er…, (my) wife said 'that's a bit different from the box of chocolates she was going to get me'
[laughter]… I think it came as a bit of a shock for her when I told her I'd actually bought them, but, no, she's accepted them and she likes them as much as I do.
Why we've survived is because we're doing something different to what the supermarkets are.
We can prove that all our… we've got full traceability on all these cattle. That they're all locally produced etcetera. So, it's a way forward for us as a small butcher's shop competing
with the big boys.
My parents were farmers and I was brought up on a farm and had a wonderful childhood on a farm, so, it's obviously virtually bred in you, you know. The idea was to sell as local as possible produce. With the shop we use somewhere between 80 and 90 bullocks a year and I'm very fortunate because, obviously, I produce quite a few of our own and I've got two or
three other little farms. One at Cottenham, another one in Fulbourn (that) my brother in law (runs), and one at Westborne Farm near Fulbourn Hospital.
With my agricultural college experience I was always interested in cattle and, in one way, the supermarket has done me a favour because it's letting me do something else I really like to do. I'm passionate about both; I'm passionate about how the animals are raised, what they're fed on, their welfare and also passionate about the meat I sell.
VOCUBULARY
sustain (MAINTAIN)
verb [T]
1- to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time: - mengekalkan - ekonomi dapat mengekalkan kadar pertumbuhan - memberi tenaga- dia tidak mempunyai makan yang memberi tenaga - menahan - menampung - tiang ini dapat menahan beban itu - pertahankan
......The economy looks set to sustain its growth into next year.
.......He seems to find it difficult to sustain relationships with women.
.......US The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection. - menerima - mahkamah menerima usul
2 - to keep alive:
.......The soil in this part of the world is not rich enough to sustain a large population.
meadow
noun [C or U]a field with grass and often wild flowers in it: - padang rumput - lembu2 meragut dipadang rumput
.......We walked through fields and meadows.
.......There was a path through the meadow to the village.
rid
adjective - terlepas daripada - dia gembira terlepas daripada tanggungjawab itu
1- be rid of sth/sb
to not now have an unwanted or unpleasant task, object or person:
.......I didn't enjoy marking those papers and I was glad to be rid of them.
2 get rid of sth
.....to remove or throw away something unwanted:b-
mengelakkan daripada - dia selalu menalipon saya sehingga saya tidak dapat mengelak daripadanya - jauhkan diri - jauhakan diri dari penjual itu - membuang - saya hendak buang buku2 lama itu - menghapuskan - kami dapat menghapuskan tikus2 itu - menghilangkan - cuti betul2 tangan hingga menghilangkan kekotoran -
.....That cream got rid of my skin rash.
......I used weedkiller to get rid of the weeds in the garden.
3 get rid of sth to sell an old or unwanted possession:.....Have you managed to get rid of your old Volvo yet?
survive
verb
1- [I or T] to continue to live or exist, especially after coming close to dying or being destroyed or after being in a difficult or threatening situation - hidup - bayi itu sudah dianggap tidak dapat hidup lama lagi - wujud - adat itu masih wujud lagi - bertahan - jadilah diplomatik jika mahu bertahan lama dalam politik - terselamat - mereka terselamat dalam kejadian bot karam - kedai ini dapat bertahan lama - isterinya hidup lebih tahan lama-
......These plants cannot survive in very cold conditions
.....The family are struggling to survive on very little money. - hidup- dia dapat gaji hanya untuk terus hidup
......"How are you?" "Oh, (I'm) surviving (= life is satisfactory, but not very good)." -
traceable
adjective - possible to trace:
........In theory, most telephone calls should be traceable.
......His medical problems were shown to be traceable to (= to have been caused by) his having been exposed to dangerous chemicals.
et cetera
SPECIALIZED ABBREVIATION FOR et alia: and others.
It is used in formal writing to avoid a long list of names of people who have written something together:
.....The method is described in an article by Feynman et al.
breed
verb bred, bred - berkembang biak - membiak - nyamuk membiak dalam air - menjadi2 - jenayah menjadi2 - didik - membesarkan - mengasih - dia dilahirkan dan dibesarkan sbg lelaki orang bersopan santun - dia dibesarkan dalam tradisi lama
1- [I or T] to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way, or (of animals) to have sex and reproduce:
.......Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts.
.......The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring.
.....His main income comes from breeding cattle.
.......The family's business was horse-breeding. - noun - pembiakan
..........We used to keep pigs for breeding purposes.
...........The penguins' breeding season has begun.
See also inbred (ESTABLISHED); inbred (RELATED); purebred; thoroughbred; well-bred.
2 - [T] to cause something to happen, usually something bad: menjadi2
.....Favouritism breeds resentment.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)