Conjunctions 25 [kata penghubung]

We can join two sentences or clauses together using conjunctions (or linking words). We can use conjunctions to add ideas together, contrast them, show the order that things happened in or show the reason why things happened.

Conjunctions - adding

and

....I'm missing my mum's cooking and I don't know how to cook the way she does.
...They like tea and coffee

and (ALSO) conjunction
used to join two words, phrases, parts of sentences or related statements together; also or in addition to:

....Ann and Jim
....boys and girls
...knives and forks
....We were wet and tired.
....We kissed and hugged each other.
.....Tidy up your room. And don't forget to make your bed!



and (THEN)
conjunction

1- used to join two parts of a sentence, one part happening after the other part:
.....I got dressed and had my breakfast.

2 as a result:
....Bring the flowers into a warm room and they'll soon open. [nanti]
.....Stand over there and then you'll be able to see it better.

3 with certain verbs, 'and' can mean 'in order to':

.....I asked him to go and find my glasses.
...Come and see (= in order to see) me tomorrow.
....Wait and see (= wait in order to see) what happens.
......INFORMAL Try and get (= Try to get) some tickets for tonight's performance.


and (VERY)
conjunctionIf 'and' is used to join two words which are the same, it makes their meaning stronger:

......She spends hours and hours (= a very long time) on the telephone.
......The sound grew louder and louder (= very loud).
......We laughed and laughed (= laughed a lot).

and (DESPITE)
conjunctio- nused to express surprise:

......You're a vegetarian and you eat fish?


as well as

......As well as not having a job, Michal is running out of money.
......Alice looks after patients at work, as well as looking after Michal in the flat.
.....We have a responsibility to our community as well as (= and also) to our families.


in addition to
(more formal) - disamping - selain
.....In addition to offering loans, we can give you advice about other financial services.
......There is a heated indoor swimming pool in addition to to three outdoor pools in the hotel.
.....In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.

Conjunctions - contrasting

but

.....I'm trying to give up fast food but it's just so easy and cheap.
....Alice was trying to help Michal but Helen didn't understand.

but (DIFFERENCE)
conjunction - used to introduce an added statement, usually something that it different from what you have said before:

.....She's very hard-working but not very imaginative
......This is not caused by evil, but by simple ignorance.
......The play's good, but not that good - I've seen better.
......I'm sorry, but I think you're wrong when you say she did it deliberately
.....Call me old-fashioned, but I like handwritten letters.
......I can understand his unhappiness. But to attempt suicide!
....She's not only a painter but also a writer (= She is both).
.....She's not a painter but a writer (= She is a writer, not a painter).
....He said he hadn't been there, but then (= it is not surprising that) he would say that.
....I think it's true, but then (= it should be understood that), I'm no expert. [tapi]


but (EXCEPT)
preposition, conjunction
except

......Eventually, all but one of them promised to come to his leaving party.
.....He's anything but violent (= not violent in any way).
.......I'd have crashed the car but for your warning.
......This is the last episode but one (= one before the last) of this drama serial.
.....She's one of those guests who does nothing but complain.
......This car has been nothing but trouble - it's always breaking down!

although

....Although he's trying to be more healthy, he finds it easier to eat fast food.
.....Tim is going to work in the stockroom although he doesn't really want to.

although
conjunction

1- despite the fact that:

......She walked home by herself, although she knew that it was dangerous.
.....He decided to go, although I begged him not to. [sekalipin pada hakikatnya]

2- but:
.....He's rather shy, although he's not as bad as he used to be.
......She'll be coming tonight, although I don't know exactly when.
.....He's coming this evening, although I don't know exactly when



however
(more formal)

.....The flight has been delayed, however , the airline will offer compensation to all passengers.
.....We received your cheque. However, you failed to sign it. Please do so immediately.

however
2 - conjunction
in any way - walaubagaimanapun - sekalipun - dengan apa cara pun

.....However you look at it, it's still a mess.
......You can do it however you like.


however
(DESPITE) adverb -despite this:- namun

......This is one possible solution to the problem. However, there are others.
.......There may, however, be other reasons that we don't know about.

2 - used to express surprise:
........However did you manage to get him to agree to that? [bagaimana boleh]

however
(Degree)adverb - despite whatever amount or degree:

......However hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off a whole pizza.
.......If Emma likes something she'll buy it however much it costs.
.......I'll see you after the show and give you £20 for the tickets, or however much (= whatever) they cost.


Conjunctions - timing

while

......While Alice and Michal were hugging, Helen came in.Tim was serving a customer while his manager was waiting to speak to him.

while
(DURING) - conjunction (MAINLY UK FORMAL whilst)
during the time that, or at the same time as:

......I read it while you were drying your hair.
......While I was in Italy I went to see Alessandro.
.......I thought I heard him come in while we were having dinner.
......."I'm going to the post office." "While you're there can you get me some stamps?"


while
(ALTHOUGH) - conjunction (MAINLY UK FORMAL whilst)
despite the fact that; although:

.....While I accept that he's not perfect in many respects, I do actually quite like the man.
......While I fully understand your point of view, I do also have some sympathy with Michael's


while
(BUT) - conjunction- compared with the fact that; but:

......He gets fifty thousand pounds a year while I get a meagre twenty!
......Tom is very extrovert and confident while Katy's shy and quiet.
.......I do every single bit of housework while he just does the dishes now and again.


before

......Before Michal could explain, Helen started shouting at him.
......Michal began to cry before he had even finished talking to Alice.


before
(EARLIER) - preposition, adverb, conjunctionat or during a time earlier than (the thing mentioned):

......You should always wash your hands before meals.
........Before leaving he said good-bye to each of them.
.......He said he had never seen her before.
......She's always up before (= earlier than) dawn.
......Before he could reach the door, she quickly closed it.
.....Before we make a decision, does anyone want to say anything else?
......It was an hour before (= until) the police arrived.
........She had to give the doorman a tip before (= in order that) he would help her with her suitcases.
......I feel as though I've been here before (= in the past). - dulu - terlebih dahulu


after/after that

....After New Year, some of the flatmates kept their resolutions.
.....They went to the cinema and after that, they walked home.


after
conjunction
at a time which is later than another event:

.....Three months after they moved out, the house was still empty.
.....Soon/shortly after we joined the motorway, the car started to make a strange noise.
.....I went to the post office straight/immediately after I left you.

during

.....During the President's speech everyone has to listen carefully.
......They work during the night and sleep by day. [prepesition]
.......There were huge advances in aviation technology during World War Two.
.....I woke up several times during the night.
......The programme will be shown on television during the weekend.
........Will you put the kettle on for tea during the adverts?

Conjunctions - reasoning

so
........He's beginning to run out of money so he can't afford better food.
........She's joined the gym so she can get fit.


so
(IN ORDER THAT) conjunction, adverbused before you give an explanation for the action that you have just mentioned:

.....[+ (that)] I deliberately didn't have lunch so (that) I would be hungry tonight.
.....Leave the keys out so (that) I remember to take them with me.

so
(SENTENCE BEGINNING) - conjunction

1- used at the beginning of a sentence to connect it with something that has been said or has happened previously:

.....So, there I was standing at the edge of the road with only my underwear on ... [jadi -memang]
......So, just to finish what I was saying earlier...


2- used as a way of making certain that you or someone else understand something correctly, often when you are repeating the important points of a plan:

......So we leave on the Thursday and get back the next Tuesday, is that right?

3 -used to refer to a discovery that you have just made:

......So that's what he does when I'm not around!


4- used as a brief pause, sometimes to emphasize what you are saying:

....So, here we are again - just you and me. [memang]

5- used before you introduce a subject of conversation that is of present interest, especially when you are asking a question:

.....So, who do you think is going to win the election?


6- INFORMAL used to show that you agree with something that someone has just said, but you do not think that it is important:

....So the car's expensive - well, I can afford it.


so
(THEREFORE) conjunction- and for that reason; therefore:
-itu sebabnya-

......My knee started hurting so I stopped running.I was lost so I bought a street map.


because + verb
.....He can't afford better food because he's beginning to run out of money.
......Tim is going to work in the stockroom because he wants to get an interview.
.....We can't go to Julia's party because we're going away that weekend.
.......INFORMAL Have you been away, because (= the reason I am asking is that) we haven't seen you recently?
.....Just because I'm lending you my dress for tonight doesn't mean you can borrow it whenever you want to.
......I phoned because I needed to talk to you.
..... I can't come out tonight because I've got too much homework.

Because of + (adjective) noun

.....Because of heavy snow, this train is running approximately 15 minutes late.
.....There are long delays on the M11 because of an accident at junction 32.
.....The flight was delayed because of bad weather.


Vocabulary:


fast food:
food that's convenient and quick to buy (for example, hamburgers, French fries)
.....fast food restaurant


to run out of something (v, idiom):
to not have any more of something - kehabisan-

run out
phrasal verb [I] to use something completely so that nothing is left

....He just ran out of ideas.
....Time was running out (= There was only a little time left).


run out (FINISH)
phrasal verb

1- to finish, use or sell all of something, so that there is none left:

......I've run out of milk/money/ideas/patience.
......"Have you got any milk?" "Sorry, I've run out."


2- If a supply of something runs out, all of it has been used or it is completely finished:

....The milk has run out.
.....My patience is beginning to run out. [kesabaran - hilang]


3 -If a document or official agreement runs out, the period of time for which it lasts finishes:

......My passport runs out next month - I must get it renewed. - tamat - berakhir

pet (adj, informal):
term of endearment. If people know each other very well or if one person is much older than the other one, they might address each other informally using pet, love, dear or hen


1- an animal which is kept in the home as a companion and treated affectionately:
.......They have several pets - a dog, two rabbits and a guinea pig.
......a pet snake [kesayangan]

2 DISAPPROVING be sb's pet to be the person that someone in authority likes best and treats better than anyone else:

.......The other children hated her because she was the teacher's pet. [kesayangan cikgu]


3 INFORMAL APPROVING a kind person who is easy to like:

.....He's always sending me flowers - he's a real pet!
[bAik betul]


4 UK INFORMAL an affectionate way of addressing someone, especially a woman or a child:
.....Thank you, pet. - terima kasih sayang-